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Power Electronics and Wind Power GERTMAR Lars Pi P for constant blade tip speed. A small weight ratio between non-geared and geared turbines at hundreds of kilowatts could grow considerably at ten to twenty megawatts. Nacelle weights are a published subject for Germanischer Lloyd4 [9] as well as in a recent PhD-thesis by Jöckel [10], the latter is designing gearless turbine drives and comparing them with geared ones. The thesis deals also with power electronic converters and grid connections in combinations with gearless direct-drive generators. Dr. Jöckel has made a very comprehensive work, completed late 2002. Dr. Per Karlsson at LTH/IEA has studied faults handling as original power electronics-machines-power-systems works on mixed DC/AC-systems in his PhD-thesis [11], completed late 2002. Thomas Ackermann has published overviews of wind power [12] and is focussing economics in his works at KTH/EKC. When reading this keynote at EPE 2003 in France, it is a pleasure to pass on the reference to “ÉTAT DE L’ART DANS LES AÉROGÉNÉRATEUR ÉLECTRIQUES” by Multon, et.al. It is available via Club CRIN Electronique de Puissance Energies Renouvelables. Keywords are “aérogénérateurs, énergie éolienne, technologie de générateur électrique, entraînements directs”. Grid connections are described in a textbook written by Heier [13]. There are other general sources of grid or interconnection knowledge, e.g., IEEE’s Intertie Protection5 of Consumer-Owned Sources of Generation, 3 MVA or Less, as well as IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee SCC21/P1547 ongoing work on Interconnecting Distributed Resources6 (DR) with Electric Power Systems. IEEE’s publications go as deep as power quality and even ferroresonance, e.g., during an islanding condition. PQ and ferroresonance are also dealt with by Schneider Electric7 generally, not only wind power, in their “Cahier Technique” series. Single constant-/two-speed turbines without power electronics, traditionally erected close to or far from scattered houses form a challenge what regards flicker and visual aspects but is not the major issue here. Power electronics for wind farms way to act as power plants is the main issue in this paper. Plans for wind power installations offshore are considerable, especially in Western Europe. They are dealt with later in this paper. USA has a focus on installations Mid West and to some extent on wind- diesel installations in Alaska. Denmark, especially Jutland and Funen, has large installations on land so that Eltra is most likely the region which comprises most distributed, and especially weather- bound, generation worldwide. More recently, Denmark, whose wind turbine manufacturers are mainly concentrated to Jutland, opened partly owned subsidiary branches abroad. Vestas, e.g., opened, established and then sold off Gamesa in Spain. The investments in wind power, single-units as well as farms which start to be built offshore, are today all supported by governmental, utility-operated, EU-based, ... programmes. A major reason for this support is a scientific consensus on a climate change [14, 15]. Wind power cannot be dispatched in the same operational way as the traditional power plants with embedded energy storage: fossil fuel plants, hydroelectric plants, nuclear plants and the like. There is very little power electronics embedded in today’s installed wind power generation seen as a whole. Most new wind turbines comprise power electronics, among those, today’s major sales so-called Double-Fed Induction Generators, DFIGs, and so-called Direct Drives, DDs. 4 http://www.germanlloyd.de/mba/wind/publications.html 5 IEEE/PES, Power System Relaying Committee, http://www.pes-psrc.org/INTERTIE_PROT.ZIP, download June 13, 2003, Undated Report, most likely from 1989. 6 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547/archives Examples of DR are Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage. Distributed Energy Resources, DER, is used as a similar designation within the European Community. 7 Power Quality Ferroresonance http://www.schneiderelectric.com.tr/ftp/literature/publications/ECT199-1.pdf http://www.schneiderelectric.com.tr/ftp/literature/publications/ECT190.pdf EPE 2003 - Toulouse ISBN : 90-75815-07-7 P.6PDF Image | Power Electronics and Wind Power
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