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Power Electronics and Wind Power GERTMAR Lars From the grid side, the SVC can assure there is no lack of reactive power and eliminate oscillations when the fault is disconnected. Most failures of grid operation are of reactive nature. The faults have so to say used the reactive power in the grid and the SVC can assist in the restoration process. This is of course of highest importance when the turbines use induction generators, which draw reactive power from outside the generator terminals. The SVC will prevent voltage collapse, that is a severe voltage depression without inherent recovery. An SVC stabilizes also the power flow in existing lines and cables. The damping function seen on the turbine can dampen power oscillations and thus allow power lines to be operated at higher load. HVDC, High-voltage direct current transmission systems, e.g., HVDC Light®, will be used for large offshore plants, where the distance is long and the rating is high. HVAC will remain as a main choice, Fig. 6, for the offshore locations nearest in time, e.g. as a tradition started with Horns Reef and Rødsand in Denmark. SVC is judged to be the most likely, preferred solution to stabilize turbines, Fig. 7 and 8, as well as interconnections and their neighbouring power systems, with disregards for HVDC and for UPFC, Unified Power Flow Controllers. Utilities’ demands are likely to be severe for the turbines in areas where wind power can be expected to have a high share of the total generated power. The demands are first of all that turbines should stay connected to the grid during contingencies so power delivery can continue and even take share in the recovery process. Secondly the turbines should contribute to the short circuit level of the grid during the fault and finally, the utilities wish turbines to take share of the spinning reserve. The first demand can be solved today, even for severe faults. Dynamic compensation is a part of the solution. The second demand is in the process of being solved and the third demand have been solved to a great extent: Figures from Denmark—with 20 % of the produced energy from wind power— indicate that wind farms produce to some extent 85 % of the time. There is furthermore a market price for regulating power and with the right pricing it can be equally interesting for the investor to operate at 90 % of possible capacity than full load. Further parts of the Danish solution is strong interconnections to neighbour countries and a domestic electricity production with several types of power plants—despite there is neither hydro nor nuclear power plants. Wind power control is really fast, a fact, which can be utilized by utilities for area control. Power utilities and/or transmission system operators, TSOs, are always among the main stakeholders for large wind farms, at least at the high-voltage end of the interconnection to the main power transmission system. Overhead-line poles are marked as associating symbols Fig. 4 right for the point-of-connection and area-of-connection to the standard frequency AC power grid, which is of main interest. One will avoid sub-optimization from only concentrating on the components, based on experiences from a growing number of examples from sales, deliveries, commissioning, and even operation, to turbine manufacturers as well as to wind farms, optimization with sub-systems on a full system basis. Initiatives between WTGS manufacturers and electrical equipment manufacturers will show to be cost-effective, especially for large-scale farms, where the interconnections are proprietary, as for hydro. Cost-effectiveness will be the fact for electrical components like generators and transformers, low, medium and high voltage switchgear and reactive compensation but deals also with different solutions for the components. Further the system approach includes Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, SCADA, systems and the optimization of the investment with a combination of minimizing investments and losses and maximizing availability related to the system layout. A power transformer may be equipped with a controllable tap changer, on-line or off-line, for minor adjustments of its voltage ratio. It might be configured to change phase-angles as well as the number of phases, e.g., from standard 3-phase to two sets of 3-phase with 30 degrees phase shift, also called 2*3-phase, suitable for power semiconductor converters with lower harmonic stress on the power grid. A power transformer is usually used between large rotating electrical machines like a power generator and a standard frequency AC power grid. Transformer-less connections of wind power generators as well as wind power transformers can be built with a cable-based insulation system. This EPE 2003 - Toulouse ISBN : 90-75815-07-7 P.12PDF Image | Power Electronics and Wind Power
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