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Power Electronics and Wind Power GERTMAR Lars allows for, up until now, undreamed-of possibilities regarding cost-effective short-circuit reactance values for power transformers as well as an improved ability to withstand transient short-circuit forces on the windings in the machines and stability in the power systems. As infrastructures, one must establish prefabricated repetitive products to deliver substations cost- effectively. These products comprise step-up transformers from low-voltage and/or medium-voltage to (sub)-transmission voltage levels, for interconnections. Furthermore, repetitive easy-to-adapt-and- deliver products, like cables, VAr-compensators, and other products, like overhead lines & cables, are utilized to interconnect wind power for medium-sized farms with equipment from different power equipment manufacturers. Flexible AC Transmission Systems, FACTS, especially SVC, will be used for larger farms coordinated with power electronics in embedded reactive compensation. To sum up, a main issue to get a wind farm to be a power plant is thus to establish a limited number of variants of collection & transmission, interconnection systems. Stability, fault handling, efficiency, availability and reliability are essential. Electrical equipment manufacturers will cooperate with turbine manufacturers as well as with utilities in combinations with consultants, investors, insurance companies, and the like. Further one need to discuss the long-term issues of building the wind farms with defined power plant characteristics at least comparable to other types of power plants and thus head-lighting advantages for utilities by accommodating an increasing amount of wind power plants prosperously connected to the grid. This is expanded under the headline long-term issues in next section of this paper. Long term issues for wind power to improve wind farms on large scale The wind is basically a rough, kinetic, non-storable bulk energy source. Its energy contents need not only conversion for direct use—historical, or nearby, small-scale energy storage with applications in: Grain mills (historical) Water pumps (historical & modern) Desalination (islands & deserts) DC Electricity to Hydrogen (1890s & modern) Combined Wind-Diesel Electricity Compressed Air or Pumped Hydro For large-scale electrical power production, wind energy needs to be cost-effective and behave like traditional electrical energy to be traded. There is also a power quality, PQ, demand. Wind’s PQ has not only traditional voltage aspects but also availability aspects—from “transportation and storage” of the wind’s rough “bulk energy”—expanded below. One should avoid dedicated wind “electricity storage” and “hydrogen as a carrier” to be cost-effective and—when needed—prefer to use optimally located, supplemental prime movers, e.g., in coactive converters to get fungible wind power [25]. It seems also appropriate to remind of the earlier mentioned quote originally written by H. Lee Willis, ABB: “... in its physical manifestation, electricity is quite unlike all other traded commodities. Perhaps the fundamental difference is that it cannot be stored to any significant degree. ...” The major part of the wind power generated is subsidized today. In a future large scale, it must be transmitted on a large-scale power system and be sold on a market. Wind power can be sold through a monopoly but more and more electrical energy is traded in an open competition on a power exchange. In order to establish wind power on large scale, one has to include business aspects like investors’ payback from selling electrical energy on a market—especially in time periods of electrical power utilities deregulation. One has also to include some sort of dispatch/storage function because a fungible [law for interchangeable] commodity business, like oil, gas, coal, food, metals, and the like, has normally a transport system and at least one storage capacity. The wind’s rough “bulk energy” needs therefore priming into fully interchangeable, electrical energy11 to supplement traditional large-scale generation and participate in worldwide reduction of CO2-emisson/climate-change and to be used with a good power-quality, PQ, for large-scale industrial 11 All electric power generation, transmission and consumption (conversion into mechanical power, heat, light, etc.) influence—like almost all human activities—our environment via so-called externalities. EPE 2003 - Toulouse ISBN : 90-75815-07-7 P.13PDF Image | Power Electronics and Wind Power
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