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www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advenergymat.de a novel technology, provides us a new method to go further in making use of the “uncontrollable” energy.[38–40] Triboelectrification is considered as generating electro- static charges by the physical contact of two different mate- rials’ surfaces.[41–43] When the two materials are separated by mechanical force, a potential drop can compel the electrons to flow from the positive electrode onto negative electrode. Four fundamental working modes of the TENG, including vertical contact-separation mode, lateral sliding mode, single-electrode mode, and freestanding triboelectric-layer mode, have been reviewed in a previous article.[44] As to the WD-TENG cases, the fundamental modes also can be included in these four modes, whereas all the WD-TENGs were designed to scavenge wind energy. Flutter-driven structure and rotational structure are the two typical structures that are selected to explain the working mechanism of WD-TENG in this article (Figure 2). The theoretical model for the flutter-driven structure is illustrated in Figure 2a.[31] This mode could also be classified into vertical contact-separation mode. Basically, Al and polyte- trafluoroethylene (PTFE) are stacked face to face and regarded as two triboelectric materials. Al layer, deposited on Kapton, is not only considered as triboelectric material but also as elec- trode. The Al/Kapton/Al section vibrates up and down when external wind is applied, thus inducing the contact/separation state between Al and PTFE. At the initial state, the Al/Kapton/ Al section is secluded by air gaps, and no output signal can be observed for both TEG 1 and TEG 2. When the Al/Kapton/Al section moves up to be in contact with the surface of PTFE, the positive and negative charges are generated accompanying with the electrons transferred from Al electrode onto PTFE film. The negative charges in this process can be conserved on PTFE film while the Al/Kapton/Al section oscillates down to access the underlying PTFE/Al film, whereas the positive charges on Al electrode directionally flow through external cir- cuit owing to the electrostatic induction of the charged PTFE film, resulting in an output voltage and current signal from TEG 1.[45] Both TEG 1 and TEG 2 will launch to proceed reg- ular working mode from state (4) and go further in cycling the loop from state (4) to state (7). In this loop, both the top and bottom PTFE films maintain negative charges, meanwhile there are different amount of positive charges induced on Al electrodes when the Kapton film moves up and down, hence introducing an alternating voltage and current in external cir- cuit for both TEG 1 and TEG 2. Apart from vertical contact-sep- aration mode, flutter-driven WD-TENG can also be designed as a single-electrode mode by connecting one of the electrodes to the ground.[25] Once the positive and negative parts are sepa- rated, the electrodes will preserve charges resulting in an elec- tric potential difference between electrodes and ground, driving the electrons to flow corresponding to the direction from low potential to high potential. In this single-electrode mode, one of the triboelectric parts can vibrate freely without any restriction, therefore, widening the application of WD-TENG. The electricity generating process of rotational structure is shown in Figure 2b. The structure of TENG mainly consists of two parts, a rotator and a stator. A layer of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) serves as the rotator as well as negative tribo- electric material, while the stator, regarded as positive triboelec- tric material, is composed of two isolated Cu electrodes. The process is classified as freestanding triboelectric-layer mode, which produces energy on account of contact electrification and electrostatic induction.[46,47] An external mechanical force (e.g., finger taping) is essential to compel the rotator to be con- tacted with the stator. Since FEP possesses a higher electron affinity than Cu, electrons are injected from Cu electrodes onto Bo Chen received his Bachelor’s degree in Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Ph.D. degree in Applied Chemistry both from Tianjin University, China. He was an exchange graduate student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison during 2014 to 2016. He is currently a postdoc fellow in Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research currently focuses on developing nanogenerators for scav- enging mechanical energy as well as water treatment and recycle. Ya Yang received his Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering from University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. He is currently a professor at Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, CAS. His main research interests focus on the field of pyroelectric, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric nanogenerators for energy conversion, storage, and some novel applications. Zhong Lin Wang is the Hightower Chair in Materials Science and Engineering and Regents’ Professor at Georgia Tech. He is also the chief scientist and director of the Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His discovery and breakthroughs in developing nanogenera- tors establish the principle and technological road map for harvesting mechanical energy from environment and biological systems for powering personal electronics. His research on self-powered nanosystems has inspired the worldwide effort in academia and industry for studying energy for micro-nanosystems, which is now a distinct disciplinary in energy research and future sensor networks. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 1702649 1702649 (2 of 13) © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimPDF Image | Scavenging Wind Energy by Triboelectric Nanogenerators
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