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www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advenergymat.de Figure 1. Comparison between conventional wind harvester (wind turbine) and new wind harvester (triboelectric nanogenerator). The inset picture on the left side is a typical wind turbine. Reproduced with permission.[15] Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. The inset picture on the right is a typical wind-driven triboelectric nanogenerator. Reproduced with permission.[63] Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. FEP layers.[48,49] Removing the external pressure, the rotator and the stator will fall into two parts and carry equal opposite triboelectric charge. Next, the rotator is aligned with the elec- trode 1 and 2 corresponding to the initial state and final state, respectively. When FEP layer approaches to or departs from whether electrode 1 or 2, an asymmetric charge distribution will be generated via electrostatic induction, causing the oscil- lated electrons motion between electrodes 1 and 2 to balance the local potential distribution. Thus, an AC current output can be obtained in response to the spinning circulation of the rotator movement. An in-plane sliding mode based WD-TENG can also be fabricated via a contact-friction structure compared to the contact-separate structure of freestanding triboelectric- layer mode.[50] Triboelectrification is a common phenomenon in our life, and almost all the materials, for instance, metal, glass, ceramic, and natural/artificial polymer, can show triboelectrification effect.[51,52] Thus, all these materials are potential to fabricate TENG. Owing to different polarities, different materials possess different electron affinity, and the triboelectric ability of a series materials has been summarized.[53] Considering the require- ment of toughness, durableness, and economic efficiency for WD-TENG, metal and artificial polymer are rendered as com- petitive candidates to achieve great output performance.[54] Figure 3a shows some of the positive and negative materials used to manufacture WD-TENG and some of the reported tri- boelectric materials of WD-TENG are summarized in Table 1. Efforts to enhance the output performance of WD-TENG are not only about the selection of triboelectric materials, but also the morphologies of material surfaces.[55] Generally, coarse surface provides more contact area and possibility for triboelec- trification to increase the friction force, resulting in more tribo- electric charges. Physical and chemical techniques are adopted to modify material surface to enhance the roughness and fric- tion force. Some of the typical microstructures, like interwoven structure,[56] nanowire structure,[30] pyramid based structure,[57] and more, are shown in Figure 3. Inductively coupled plasma etching is a common physical method to fabricate polymer nanowire to enhance the contact electrification.[58] Meanwhile, diluted acid aqueous solution can be used as chemical etching agent to modify the surface of metal electrode.[59] Therefore, from the triboelectric materials and the surface structure aspects, there are still plenteous methods to enhance the per- formance of WD-TENG, thus broadening practical applications. 3. Various Structures of WD-TENGs Aiming to scavenge wind energy, flutter-driven structure and rotational structure are the two representative strategies applied to fabricate WD-TENG. Wind turbines and wind cups are uti- lized to convert wind energy into rotational mechanical motion in the system of rotational structure based WD-TENG. Mean- while, based on the contact-separation between the flutter and the electrodes, flutter-driven WD-TENG simplifies the elec- trodes’ structure as well as reduces the cost. Furthermore, other novel strategies have been exploited to diversify the structure and optimize the output performance of WD-TENG. Flutter-driven structure WD-TENG was first reported by Yang et al., and that is recognized as a milestone via scavenging wind energy by a smart strategy.[25] Figure 4a,b illustrates the struc- ture of the TENG, that is, two layers of Al foils with a FEP film laying in midair. The FEP film is fixed only one side, leaving the other side as a free part. The Al foils serve as both tribo- electric surfaces and electrodes, and are connected to ground respectively. When external wind is applied to the system, the Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 1702649 1702649 (3 of 13) © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimPDF Image | Scavenging Wind Energy by Triboelectric Nanogenerators
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