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www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advenergymat.de Figure 5. The output performance and enhancement of WD-TENGs. a–c) Dependence of rectified open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of the device on the device height, the length of the Kapton film, and the device length. d) The working frequencies of WD-TENG under different flow rates. Reproduced with permission.[31] Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. e) The output voltage and f) short-circuit current of the WD-TENG. g) The photograph and h) short-circuit current of ten WD-TENGs connected in parallel. Reproduced with permission.[63] Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. output power up to 3.5 and 1.8 mW under an air-flow speed of about 18 m s−1 for each single TENG and EMG, respec- tively. The rectified output current signals of TENG with trans- former, EMG, and TENG/EMG with transformer are shown in Figure 6b, indicating inconspicuous current enhancement can be noted for the hybridized nanogenerator as compared with the individual TENG or EMG, which can be ascribed to the asynchronism for the TENG and EMG. Nanogenerator can also provide new methods to realize the sustainable energy supply in a smart city by hybridizing WD-TENG with solar cells. As illustrated in Figure 6c, a WD- TENG and solar cell composite nanogenerator was explored to scavenge energy from the city environment for powering some electric devices.[15] The WD-TENG and solar cell can be installed on the roofs of buildings to individually or simultane- ously scavenge wind and solar energy (Figure 6d). According to the same device area of about 120 × 22 mm2, the output power of the WD-TENG and solar cell can be up to 26 and 8 mW, respectively. Figure 6e demonstrates that the hybrid nanogen- erator generates the largest output current (about 12 mA) as compared to individual WD-TENG (about 9 mA) and solar cell (about 4 mA). Except combining WD-TENG with EMG or solar cell, it is highly desirable to hybridize WD-TENG with other kinds of mechanical energy as well as thermal energy to scavenge these two forms of energy from the environment at the same time. As displayed in Figure 6f, a hybrid nanogenerator consists of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanowires–PDMS composite Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 1702649 1702649 (8 of 13) © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimPDF Image | Scavenging Wind Energy by Triboelectric Nanogenerators
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