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involve issues surrounding legitimacy and isomorphism. Airline managers may be very wary of new technologies, if they are different and not used by other airlines. Given its highly competitive nature there is likely to be a collective wariness within the industry about the legitimacy of committing massive resources to investing in a new technology. One might well see the airlines and others in the industry as ‘vested interests’. Having invested in the current technology for air travel they may be reluctant to write this off and invest in something new. The key thing is that students appreciate that innovations, especially green ones, are about much more than developing new technologies. Q2: What is an architectural innovation and is the concept relevant in this case? Essential reading for this question is the paper by Henderson and Clarke (1990) on architectural innovation (alternatively there is a summary in Smith (2015)). According to Henderson and Clarke (1990) the essence of an architectural innovation is that it involves the re-configuration of a system to link together existing components in a different way. That is pretty much what was has happened in the case of the SAGE 2 open rotor engine. The ‘core’ of the SAGE 2 is from an existing engine, similarly gearboxes and variable pitch systems are used on turboprop engines and the rotor blades are very like those now being used on the most advanced turbofans. What is different is the way they are configured. An open rotor engine has a different architecture and that’s what makes it an architectural innovation. This is a good opportunity to get students to think about the nature of innovation. Innovations aren’t just about new technologies. Design is also very important and an open rotor is a design that differs markedly from conventional turbofan engines. Q3: Why is it possible that the open rotor may prove to be an example of a disruptive technology? This is an opportunity to explore the concept of disruptive technologies in greater depth (see Christensen, 1997) and ensure that students thoroughly understand it by considering examples where a new technology has proved destructive in the past. According to Christensen (1997) a disruptive technology typically brings forward a different value proposition compared to an existing technology. Quite often this new value proposition or aspects of it will not be valued by most mainstream consumers. Thus the first jet airliners were faster and could fly much higher 19PDF Image | Sustainable and Green Engine (SAGE) Aircraft Engine of the Future
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