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Stefan Frei, Urban Mäder - Case Study 2006 Technology and Inovation Figure 1. Turbofan Jet Engine, from [2] continuously in the combustion chamber. The turbojet on the other hand, draws power for the compression directly from the exhaust gas stream. This design soon proved to be superior to the thermojet and thus soon prevailed. In Figure 1, a modern jet engine is depicted [2]. The principle still is very similar to the original designs: Air is collected by the intake, then compressed by a multi-stage compressor. In the combustion chamber, fuel is added to the compressed air; the mixture is then continuously ignited. The pressurised gas leaves the engine through the turbine, which collects energy to drive the compressor stage. A notable design feature is the large fan which precedes the low- pressure compressor stage. Some of the air the fan accelerates bypasses the engine and joins the hot air stream leaving the turbine stage. The ratio of bypassing- to combusted air is called bypass-ratio. Turbofans have a larger mass flow than turbojets, but at lower velocity. This leads to more thrust, but restricts the engine to lower airspeeds; it can thus be seen as compromise between propellers and pure turbojets. Typical bypass-ratios for large engines in sub-sonic airliners are usually higher than 5, while supersonic (military) jets have ratios around 2. Today, there are three large manufacturers of jet engines left: General Electric, Rolls-Royce plc and Pratt & Whitney. After more than 50 years, the business can be considered mature. 3. Technology and Limits In the early days of jet propulsion, innovation pace was fast, as fundamental new design ideas where found to drastically boost performance. Such radical design innovations where • Transition from radial- to axial compressor. This greatly reduced the diameter of the engine while increasing thrust. • Invention of turbofan. The first turbofans had an increase in thrust of over 50%, while fuel consumption was equal to the old designs. 2PDF Image | Technology Speed of Civil Jet Engines
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