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www.advancedsciencenews.com www.aem-journal.com Figure 6. a) The FTIR absorption spectra of PTFE versus various temperatures (30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, and 150 C, respectively). The absorbance peak from: b) 600 cm1 to 900 cm1, c) 1050 cm1 to 1800 cm1, d) 2250 cm1 to 2450 cm1. fluorine atoms or combine with the dangling bonds of C atoms on the PTFE surface, which is a type of the electron traps. This is a process that temperature accelerate the surface oxidation and defluorinate on the PTFE surface, which may add the antistatic propensity of the polymers.[44,45] As the electron affinity of fluorine is stronger than oxygen, the molecular chains occupied by oxygen atoms would attract fewer electrons than the intact molecular chains. Besides, the molecular weight of PTFE would increase when the fluorine atoms are replaced largely by oxygen atoms. The increase of molecular weight will cause the decrease of relative permittivity of PTFE surface thin layer, according to the Clausius–Mossotti relation. For the reasons given above, the ability of PTFE about storing and gaining electrons will become weaker, so that result in the decreased electrical output of TENG along with the temperature rising. Figure 7a and b, respectively, demonstrates the O 1 s and C 1 s peaks of PTFE characterized by XPS. As shows in Figure 7b, a shift of bonding energy can be evaluated to about 0.4 0.2 eV for each oxygen atom and is roughly additive with the augment of temperature (C 1 s (2) at a binding energy Eb 1⁄4 292.5 eV). The binding energy shift 70C. This changes of the absorption peaks may be interpreted as the relaxation of PTFE crystal and the regular spiral chain of PTFE turning into irregular winding due to the effect of thermal perturbation. Figure 6d shows two absorption peaks appear at 2350 cm1 (O5C5O) and 2383 cm1. But, the two absorption peaks gradually turn into a big single peak (nearby 2350 cm1). It indicates the PTFE surface would absorb more and more CO2, when the tempera- ture rises from 30 to 150C. The carbonyl group is observed at 1700–1800 cm1 (C5O stretching), 720 cm1 (CF2 scissoring).[41] The absorption peak at 1790cm1 has been identified as olefin end group CF5CF2[42] shown in Figure 6c. As shown in previous research,[31] the above reactions analogous to those encountered in hydrocarbon oxidation that can occur on the effect of electric field in the air, such as CF2 þ O2 ! CF2O2 ! CF2O CF2CF2CF2 þ O2 ! CF2CF2COF þ F The electron traps on the PTFE are mainly attributed to quantities of F atoms existing on the surface of PTFE due to its molecular chain with C atoms surrounded by F atoms spirally.[43] Accord- ing to the IR absorption spectra of PTFE, we could know that the dangling bonds on the PTFE surface will react with the oxygen-containing electron acceptors in the air to form various oxygen-containing groups. This means that the oxygen atoms may occupy the positions of some of C 1 s (2) is due to an inductive effect, which is dependent on the number of O atoms replaced position of F atoms and combined with dangling bonds of C atoms. As we know, the Adv. Eng. Mater. 2017, 00, 1700275 1700275 (6 of 8) © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Figure 7. The XPS narrow scan spectra of four PTFE samples under different treatments: a) The O 1 s peak and b) the C 1 s peak under different conditions: the primary PTFE sample without contact or friction under 30, 90, and 150 C. c) and d) demonstrate, respectively, the O and C peak fitting of XPS spectra of PTFE after a friction process under 150 C environment.PDF Image | Temperature Effect on Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerator
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