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Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications 3 Fig. 2 Contact-mode TENG for harvesting energy from impact. (a) Schematic and (b) photograph of a fabricated triboelectric TENG. (c) SEM image of gold nanoparticles coated on gold surface. (d) Short-circuit current when triggered by human footfall that can generate contacting force between 500 N and 600 N. Inset: enlarged view of the highest current pulse. (e) Photograph of a setup in which the TENG acts as a direct power source for 200 commercial green, red and blue LED lamps and (f) when footstep falls on the TENG, simultaneously lighting up the LEDs in real-time. (Fig. 1a I). Due to an externally applied force, the two materials are brought into contact. Surface charge transfer then takes place because of triboelectric effect [30–32]. According to the triboelectric series, negative charges are injected from PMMA into Kapton, leaving positive charges on the PMMA surface (Fig. 2a II). As the PMMA layer moves away, an electric potential difference (equivalent to open-circuit voltage) is then established between the two electrodes. It can be expressed by the following equation: σd Voc1⁄4ε ð1Þ 0 where σ is the triboelectric charge density, εo is the vacuum permittivity, and d is the gap between the two contact materials. When the PMMA layer moves backward, the open- circuit voltage diminishes and drops back to zero when a Please cite this article as: G. Zhu, et al., Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications, Nano Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.11.050PDF Image | Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology
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