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Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications 5 direction relies on the mechanical motion direction. There- fore, reciprocating motion can produce alternating current. Energy harvesting from direct force It is apparent that the contact mode applies to any direct force, including pressing, impact, shock, etc. In one of our demonstrations, foot stomp was harnessed as the source of mechanical excitation [16]. The TENG has a layered struc- ture with two substrates, as schemed in Fig. 2a. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as the material for substrates. On the bottom part, a layer of contact electrode is prepared. The contact electrode plays dual roles of electrode and contact surface. It consists of a gold thin film and gold nanoparticles coated on the surface. Fig. 2b shows uniform distribution of the nanoparticles on the surface. On the top part, a thin film of gold is laminated between the substrate and a layer of polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS). This electrode is called back electrode. The two substrates are connected by four springs installed at the corners, leaving a narrow spacing between the contact electrode and the PDMS. These springs provide a restoring force that enables repeated contact and separation of the two parts under an external impact. The as-fabricated TENG is exhibited in Fig. 2c. Triggered by the human stomp, the TENG generated current pulses that had amplitude as high as 2 mA. It could instanta- neously light up as many as 600 LED lamps (Fig. 2d and e). The foot stomp and light emission were synchronized, indicating that the TENG was a real-time power source. The successful demonstration indicates other immediate applications, such as self-lighting shoes and self-lighting tiles which can be luminous upon footfalls. Fig. 4 Triboelectric generators based on the sliding mode. (a) Schematic of the TENG. (b) A complete sliding cycle of the TENG at different positions. (c) COMSOL simulation result of electric potential distribution when the two surfaces are fully aligned. (d) COMSOL simulation result of electric potential distribution when the two surfaces are halfway displaced. (e) Electric potential difference between the aluminum electrode and the copper electrode as a function of the displacement. Red dots and blue dots represent experimental values and analytical values, respectively. (f) A cycle of electricity generation process for illustrating the electricity generation process. Please cite this article as: G. Zhu, et al., Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications, Nano Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.11.050PDF Image | Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology
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