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Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications 11 Fig. 11 Demonstrations of a rotary TENG in harvesting ambient energy. (a) Harvesting energy from light wind at a flow speed of 6 m/s by the TENG for powering an array of spot lights (scale bar: 3 cm). Inset: a wind turbine that transmits torque to the TENG (scale bar: 5 cm). (b) Harvesting energy from water flow at a flow rate of 5.5 L/min by the TENG for powering an array of spot lights (scale bar: 5 cm). Insets: tap water is directed into a water turbine through a water pipe (top; scale bar: 2 cm); upward view of the water turbine (bottom; scale bar: 7 cm). (c) Harvesting energy from body motion by the TENG that is being gently swung with a hand for powering an array of spot lights (scale bar: 5 cm). Inset: the hand-held TENG with two pieces of inertia mass attached to the rotator (scale bar: 5 cm). (d) Output voltage of the power-supplying system when the TENG is driven by the above three types of ambient mechanical energy. at an efficiency of 24%, representing a gigantic leap in terms of output power by orders of magnitude. The TENG is demonstrated as an effective measure in harvesting a variety of ambient mechanical motions, such as light wind (Fig. 11a), water flow (Fig. 11b), and body movement (Fig. 11c). More importantly, a complete power-supplying system is built through integrating a power management circuit with the TENG, which can provide a continuous direct current source at a constant voltage for sustainably driving as well as charging various commercial electronics (Fig. 12). Prospects and challenges Compared to other existing power-generating technologies, the TENG has high output power as well as light weight and small size because it can be fabricated from thin-film materi- als. As a result, the TENG is superior in power density in terms of both power-to-volume ratio and power-to-weight ratio. This advantage is especially important for developing self-powered portable/wearable electronics, where size and weight manage- ment are important. Furthermore, since the TENG relies on surface charging effect, it only requires very small amount of materials, which are conventional materials that are readily available. Because of the scalable and straightforward fabri- cation process, the TENG is significantly cost-effective, an unparalleled advantage for potential practical applications. Besides, the broad choices of materials enable unique applica- tions, e.g. those in healthcare where biocompatibility is required. It must be pointed out that there are some challenges to be overcome for the long-term development of the TENG. First, the TENG can easily produce extremely high voltage but low current, which means that the TENG has very high output impedance. However, conventional electronics usually require high current but low voltage, leading to relatively low input impedance. As a result, a TENG and the load have significant mismatch of impedance. Voltage transformers were connected to the TENG in order to increase the current at the expense of the voltage. However, they are normally bulky in size the heavy in weigh, which are unsuitable for a miniaturized self-powered system. Second, the thin-film electrification materials are normally polymers that are susceptible to mechanical wear. Residual particles due to the mechanical wear will prevent the two contact surfaces from intimate contact and thus greatly reduce the output power the TENG. Though dry lubricant made of nanoparticles was used to promote the wearability to some degree, more progress needs to be made in this aspect. Conclusion The triboelectric nanogenerator takes advantage of the cou- pling effect between contact electrification and electrostatic Please cite this article as: G. Zhu, et al., Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications, Nano Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.11.050PDF Image | Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology
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