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parasitic losses for the heaters and pumps in these systems should be included when calculating net power output. e) Lube Oil Cooling Systems - Oil coolers are used to reject the heat collected by the lubricating oil system(s). These coolers can be either water-cooled via shell and tube heat exchangers, or air-cooled via electric motor driven fans driving a stream of air across finned coils, hence the general term "fin-fan cooler", or a combination of both. Shell and tube systems generally require a water/glycol pumping system and a heat sink (which can be either a fin-fan cooler or perhaps a condensate system in a plant with a steam system). In either case, the parasitic losses for the fans and/or pumps need to be deducted from the gross power output of the generator when calculating the net power output. f) Generators - The efficiency of an electrical generator, as provided by the manufacturer, takes into account losses from a number of sources including: • Electrical resistance losses in the windings • Windage losses resulting from the friction between the rotating rotor and the air in the airgap between the rotor and stator, windage through the ends of the rotor coils which protrude from the main cylindrical section of the rotor, and the friction between the cooling air and the walls of the cooling air passages in the body of the rotor • Friction losses in the bearing system • The power required to drive the cooling air fans, located at the two ends of the rotor, which force the cooling air through the machine • Losses in the generator excitation system (for permanent magnet generator (PMG) systems) which are a combination of electrical resistance losses, bearing friction, windage and cooling fan losses similar to those in the main machine but of much smaller magnitude. Generator efficiency curves take all of these factors into account. There will be additional affects due to changes in load, and with the power factor at which the machine is operated. g) Static Excitation System Losses - When static excitation systems are specified for generators due to utility system requirements, the power for the exciter is obtained from the generator output system via a step-down transformer, typically 13.8kV - 300V. The excitation system can draw up to UNDERSTANDING GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE © Gryphon International Engineering Services Inc. St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada GTPerf_0900 Page 15PDF Image | UNDERSTANDING GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE
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