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temperature, open circuit voltage, maximum power density, and high-temperature durability over the standard Nafion 117 membrane because of the confinement and moisture zeolites provided toward perfluorosulfonic acid. Despite all these advantages, for the practical utilization of zeolites as electrodes and electrolyte membranes, more effort is still needed toward improving the electrical and proton conductivities of zeolites. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Thermal energy storage techniques store and release the energy in the form of heat, and are promising candidates for the storage of intermittent energy, such as solar power and industrial waste heat. Hot water heating facilities are currently the most widely used thermal energy storage systems, but their energy densities are very low (1050 kWh m3).29 Zeolite-water-adsorption energy storage is an emerging technology utilizing the energy stored and released during water desorption and adsorption over zeolites, respectively. Several types of zeolites have been investigated for adsorption energy storage, including zeolites X (FAU type), Y (FAU type), A (LTA type), SAPO-34 (CHA type), AlPO-34 (CHA type), and AlPO-18 (AEI type), etc.30 For instance, silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-34, aluminophosphates AlPO-34, and AlPO-18 with high hydrophilicity exhibited similarly high water uptake capacity.31 In particular, AlPO-34 possessed a high energy density of 240 kWh m3 in the 40C140C temperature range. Note that the desorption temperature of 140C was in the range reachable by so- lar thermal collectors. In addition, AlPO-34 allowed unique sudden water uptake in a narrow pressure range because of the formation of AlH2O coordination. All these features make AlPO-34 a very promising adsorbent for practical water- adsorption energy storage. Very recently, an aluminophosphate zeolite AlPO- LTA (LTA type) was reported for adsorption energy storage, outperforming all other porous materials.32 AlPO-LTA exhibited unprecedented high water uptake (0.42 g g1) and energy density (527 kWh m3). Such high energy storage was attributed to the hydrophilic nature of aluminophosphate and the formation of an H-bonded network of water molecules within the pores of AlPO-LTA. Its energy capacity dropped less than 2% after 40 adsorption-desorption cycles. More importantly, AlPO-LTA required a desorption temperature 10 C15 C lower than other materials, and it attained 90% of its capacity at only 60C, mak- ing it more suitable for long-term solar-heat storage even in regions without intense solar irradiation. Out of the laboratory, ZAE Bayern developed a water-adsorption system by using zeolite X to provide heating to a school building in winter (Figure 6).33 When the thermal demand was high during the day, the stored heat was released through the adsorption process. The air from the school building was heated at the adsorp- tion column and went back to the heating system of the school. The regeneration of zeolite X was done by district heating during the night when the thermal demand was low. The energy density of this system could reach 124 kWh m3, much higher than those of the hot water storage systems. Besides on-site utilization, zeolite adsor- bents can also be used as mobile thermal energy storage materials for off-site energy utilization. For instance, ZAE Bayern developed a 2.3 MWh mobile thermal energy storage system, with a 14 t packed bed of zeolite adsorbents.34 It was used to recover the industrial waste heat from an incineration plant located 7 km away from the heat demand. This real-scale system was able to save 616 kg of CO2 per transport cycle, and the zeolite adsorbents showed no degradation during different tests. Chem 3, 928–949, December 14, 2017 937PDF Image | Applications of Zeolites in Sustainable Chemistry
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