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Pd attained 100% NH3 conversion at 250C, in which PdOx was believed to be the active sites for NH3-SCO. Nonmethane VOCs VOCs, such as benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and chloromethane, etc., have high biological toxicity, which are mainly produced from combustion engines, industrial emissions, and domestic products. The total oxidation of VOCs into CO2 and H2O is a promising strategy for VOC abatement. Noble-metal/porous-material compos- ites are excellent catalysts for VOC oxidation, and zeolites with large surface areas, tunable framework compositions, and high hydrothermal stability are ideal supports for noble metals.64 For instance, a Pt/K-beta composite catalyst was reported to be highly active for toluene oxidation.65 The temperature at 98% conversion of toluene was 150C, which was much lower than conventional noble-metal and transition- metal-oxide catalysts. Here, K-beta was prepared through a template-free and seed-directed synthesis strategy, leading to relatively higher Al and K contents and fewer terminal silanol defects than conventional zeolite beta, favoring the adsorption of hydrophobic VOCs. In another study, Mn-containing zeolites ZSM-5 were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal approach and exhibited high catalytic performance for toluene oxidation.66 Among them, Mn(2%)/ZSM-5 exhibited 100% selectivity to CO2 at 65% conversion of toluene. A major drawback of zeolites in the total oxidation of VOCs is the production of coke, which blocks the micropores of zeolites and deactivates the catalysts. Incorporating mesopores that are much larger than micropores into zeolites would increase the mass transfer during catalytic oxidation and is a promising strategy for overcoming the coking problem. For instance, a mesoporous Pt/beta composite catalyst was reported for the catalytic oxidation of toluene, exhibiting improved catalytic activity in comparison with its counterpart without mesopore incorporation.67 More impor- tantly, the mesoporous Pt/beta catalyst exhibited a longer catalyst life. After a reaction for 10 hr, the mesoporous Pt/beta maintained nearly 100% conversion of toluene and selectivity to CO2, whereas its microporous counterpart gave 27% toluene conversion and about 60% selectivity to CO2. In summary, zeolites have found many applications in catalytic elimination of air pollutant molecules. Future work on NH3-SCR should focus on lowering the produc- tion cost of Cu-SSZ-13 by finding a cheap template to realize its large-scale produc- tion. Meanwhile, SAPO-34 with the same CHA-type framework as SSZ-13, as well as zeolites with similar framework topology (such as OFF, LEV, and ERI etc.), should be explored for NH3-SCR. Cu- and Fe-exchanged zeolites have exhibited high performance on NH3-SCO. More efforts should be made to elucidate the detailed reaction mechanisms over these zeolites. Toward this end, operando characteriza- tion and high-level computer modeling should be relied on to locate the reaction intermediates and possible pathways. WATER PURIFICATION Most of the surface water on the earth is seawater, which contains a large amount of salts, not suitable for direct consumption by humans. Meanwhile, various types of pollutants are threatening our water supply, such as spilled oil, heavy metals, and radioactive wastes. Developing materials and technologies to efficiently remove salts and unwanted contaminants from water is a promising direction to solve the global water crisis. Zeolites with superior adsorption and ion-exchange capability have found wide applications in these fields. Chem 3, 928–949, December 14, 2017 943PDF Image | Applications of Zeolites in Sustainable Chemistry
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