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Figure 9. Zeolite-Coated Mesh Films for Gravity-Driven Oil-Water Separation The crystals of silicalite-1 were grown on stainless-steel meshes under hydrothermal conditions. High separation efficiency of various oils was achieved on the basis of the excellent superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity of silicalite-1 surface. Reproduced from Wen et al.72 with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. Removing salt or spilled oil from water can be realized by membranes with high salt/oil rejection and water permeation. Zeolites with excellent molecular-sieving and mechanical properties could be made into membranes, a potential alternative to widely studied reverse osmosis membranes that are energetically inefficient and inapplicable to water containing organic compounds.68 For instance, natural zeolite heulandite/clinoptilolite (HEU type) membranes were fabricated and tested for the removal of metal cations and toluene from synthetic seawater at 85C and 1 atm feed-side pressure under a pervaporative operation.69 These membranes exhibited rejection rates of 87.4%, 99.9%, 99.4%, and >96% for Na+, Mg+, K+, and toluene, respectively. Water flux was insensitive to toluene over a wide concen- tration range (10–220 mg L1), but decreased rapidly when cation concentrations in the feed increased. Although computer simulations have predicted many zeolites with high salt rejection and water permeation,70 their true performances need to be carefully investigated, because water transport inside zeolite membranes is a complex process highly influenced by many factors such as hydrophilicity and sur- face barriers.71 In another study, zeolite-coated mesh films for oil-water separation were fabricated by growing the crystals of silicalite-1 on stainless-steel meshes through a seeding and secondary growth process under hydrothermal conditions (Figure 9).72 As a result of the excellent superhydrophilicity and underwater supero- leophobicity of silicalite-1, highly efficient gravity-driven oil-water separation was achieved. The underwater superoleophobic interface prevented the film from fouling by oils. More importantly, such films were highly stable under various harsh conditions, such as acid and concentrated salt, showing their potential for practical applications of oil-water separation. However, for practical applications of zeolite membranes, how to increase the relatively low water flux is still challenging. Developing thin supported zeolite membranes might be promising in the future. Meanwhile, most fabrication methods for zeolite membranes are facing scaling up issues. Moreover, long-term stability and production and regeneration costs of zeolite membranes should be further improved to allow practical applications in industry. Heavy metals, such as Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Co, are dangerous to human health because of their nonbiodegradability and toxicity. In comparison with other 944 Chem 3, 928–949, December 14, 2017PDF Image | Applications of Zeolites in Sustainable Chemistry
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