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solution for 3 days. In contrast, active carbons only captured 0.04 g g1 of I2 under the same conditions, and other electron-rich materials, such as aluminosilicate zeolites Na-X, Na-A, Na-Y, Ca-A, and metal-organic frameworks ZIF-8 and HKUST-1, readily dissolved in a diluted 0.1 M HNO3 solution. This study demonstrated the potential application of all-silica zeolites in the safe processing of nuclear fuel rods. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Besides renewable energy and environmental improvement, zeolites are playing an increasingly important role in many other sustainable fields, such as agriculture82,83 and biomedicine.84,85 In this review, we focus only on the applications of zeolites in biomass conversion, fuel cells, thermal energy storage, CO2 capture and conversion, air-pollution remediation, and water purification. Some of these applications, such as thermal energy storage and water purification, have already been commercialized or widely used in practice. In particular, NH3-SCR over CHA-type zeolites for NOx emission control has become the most common choice for on-board applications. However, the utilization of zeolites in other sustainable fields is facing challenges. For instance, the stability, re-generatability, and product selectivity of zeolite catalysts need to be improved for biomass conversion, H2 and CH3OH production, and CO2 conversion; the adsorption capability of zeolites should be improved for the capture of CO2 from hot wet flue gas; water permeability should be improved for desalination and oil-water separation zeolite membranes; the production cost for zeolites should be further reduced, and so on. Therefore, developing new zeolites with superior catalytic and adsorption capability, high stability, long recycling life, and low production and regeneration cost is highly desired. Considerable theoretical and experimental efforts have been made toward synthe- sizing high-performance zeolite materials with brand-new framework types.86 For instance, Yu et al. proposed a roadmap to realize function-led synthesis of new zeolite framework types via high-throughput computations, machine learning over a synthe- sis database, and combinatorial hydrothermal synthesis.87 Other approaches, such as the ‘‘ADOR’’ strategy88 and the ‘‘ab initio’’ template selection method,89 have also exhibited potential in the discovery of new zeolite framework types. Another effi- cient way for zeolite development is to modify the composition, structure, and morphology of existing zeolites to obtain improved properties. For instance, the introduction of mesopores with diameter of 250 nm or macropores with diameter >50 nm into microporous zeolites leads to hierarchical structures, which usually have improved catalytic performance because of the increase in mass diffusion;90,91 making zeolites into nanoparticles or nanosheets could enhance the catalytic activity as a result of the increased accessibility of the active sites.5,92,93 Introducing hetero- metal atoms, metal clusters, or metal nanoparticles into zeolite matrices to form multifunctional composites is also a promising approach to material innovation with combined or improved properties. Recently, Grand et al.94 reported the one- pot synthesis of silanol-free nanosized MFI zeolite with tungsten atoms dispersed atomically. Because of the formation of highly stable WOSi bonds that sup- pressed the occurrence of SiOH groups, the prepared W-MFI exhibited consider- ably higher stability, hydrophobicity, and Lewis acidity than conventional pure-silica MFI. These features are highly appealing for many biomass conversion processes. Despite all the success, function-led design and synthesis of new zeolite materials re- mains challenging, because the structure-property relationship for zeolites is still not quite clear. To this end, more efforts should be made to reveal the detailed mecha- nisms for the adsorption, diffusion, catalysis, and ion-exchange processes within zeolites via high-resolution and/or operando characterization techniques.95,96 946 Chem 3, 928–949, December 14, 2017PDF Image | Applications of Zeolites in Sustainable Chemistry
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