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The current worldwide microalgae manufacturing infrastructure (producing the equivalent of ~5000 tons of dry algal biomass) is devoted to extraction of high value products. Production of microalgae for medium – low value products (bulk chemicals and energy) needs to take place on a much larger scale at much lower costs. In addition the energy balance should be positive. A leap in the development of microalgae technology is required for the production of biofuels and bulk chemicals; on a practical level, the scale of production needs to increase at least 3 orders of magnitude with a concomitant decrease in the cost of production by a factor 10. In addition a biorefinery infrastructure needs to be established in order to make use of the entire biomass, which is essential to achieve economic viability. Technology needs to be developed/improved for both cultivation and biorefinery. The support from industry will play a major role in this development and will enable the development of new markets (114, 115, 116). 4.6 Organic Solutions Platform A green biorefinery (6) processes fresh wet biomass, such as grass, clover, alfalfa or immature cereals. First processing of wet biomass involves dewatering (e.g. screw press) to obtain two separate intermediates: a nutrient-rich juice “Organic Solutions” and a fibre-rich lignocellulosic press cake. Both intermediates are starting points for various valorization pathways. The organic solution (press juice) contains valuable compounds, such as carbohydrates, proteins, free amino acids, organic acids, minerals, hormones and enzymes depending on whether the biomass used as the feedstock is fresh or silage. Soluble carbohydrates and proteins – main components of fresh plant juice - can be used as fermentation medium or for generating feed products. Silage press juice has been demonstrated as feedstock for the production of bio-chemicals and fuels. Lactic acid and its derivatives as well as proteins, amino acids, bioethanol and energy via anaerobic digestion are the most favorable end-products from the organic solution platform. The press cake fibres can be utilized as green feed pellets, processed to fibre products or potentially used as a raw material for other platforms ( e.g. C6 and C5, syngas and lignin platforms.) Grass fiber products are currently in a market introduction phase (e.g. insulation material) and some technologies have been implemented at pilot and industrial scale (112). The liquid and solid organic residues can easily be used to produce biogas with subsequent generation of heat and electricity. Therefore the integration of an organic solution platform concept with anaerobic digestion is preferable. 4.7 Lignin Platform Lignin offers a significant opportunity for enhancing the operation of a lignocellulosic biorefinery. It is an extremely abundant raw material contributing as much as 30% of the weight and 40% of the energy content of lignocellulosic biomass (78). Lignin’s native structure suggests that it could play a central role as a new chemical feedstock, particularly in the formation of supramolecular materials and aromatic chemicals (77, 78), see Figure 3. Up to now the vast majority of industrial applications have been developed for lignosulfonates. These sulfonates are isolated from acid sulfite pulping and are used in a wide range of lower value applications where the form but not the quality is important. The solubility of this type of lignin in water is an important requirement for many of these applications. Around 67.5% of world consumption of lignosulfonates in 2008 was for dispersant applications followed by binder and adhesive applications at 32.5%. Major end-use markets include construction, mining, animal feeds and agriculture uses. The use of lignin for chemical production has so far been limited due to contamination from salts, carbohydrates, particulates, volatiles and the molecular weight distribution of lignosulfonates. The only industrial exception is the limited production of vanillin from lignosulfonates (135). Besides lignosulfonates, Kraft lignin is produced as commercial product at about 60kton/y. New extraction technologies, developed in Sweden, will lead to an increase in Kraft lignin production at the mill side for use as external energy source and for the production of value added applications (136). Figure 3. Potential products from Lignin. 8PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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