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The production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks could result in new forms of higher quality lignin becoming available for chemical applications. The Canadian company Lignol Energy have announced the production of cellulosic ethanol at their continuous pilot plant at Burnaby, British Columbia. The process is based on a wood pulping process using Canadian wood species but the pilot plant will test a range of feedstocks while optimising equipment configurations, enzyme formulations and other process conditions (11). The Lignol Energy process produces a lignin product (HP-LTM lignin) upon which the company are developing new applications together with industrial partners. Also other lignin types will results from the different biomass pretreatment routes under development and unfortunately there is not one lignin macromolecule which will fits all applications. However, if suitable cost-effective and sustainable conversion technologies can be developed, a lignocellulosic biorefinery can largely benefit from the profit obtained from this side stream lignin (137). The production of more value added chemicals from lignin (e.g. resins, composites and polymers, aromatic compounds, carbon fibres) is viewed as a medium to long term opportunity which depends on the quality and functionality of the lignin that can be obtained. The potential of catalytic conversions of lignin (degradation products) has been recently reviewed (79). 4.8 Pyrolysis Oil Platform Biomass pyrolysis is the thermal depolymerization of biomass at modest temperatures in the absence of added oxygen. The spectrum of products from biomass pyrolysis depends on the process temperature, pressure, and residence time of the liberated pyrolysis vapors (83). A biorefinery based on pyrolysis oil is designed much like a traditional refinery. First biomass is converted into pyrolysis oil which can be a de-centralized process. Second, pyrolysis oil from different installations is collected at the biorefinery where it will be divided into different fractions. Each fraction can be upgraded with a different technology to finally derive the optimal combination of high value and low value products from the pyrolysis oil. The major high value compounds which are foreseen are phenols, organic acids, furfural, HMF and levoglucosan (80, 81, 82). The major advantages of a pyrolysis biorefinery are the possibility of decentralized production of the oil in regions where abundant biomass is readily available, making it possible to keep the minerals in the country of origin and creating the possibility of cost-effective transport of the resulting liquids. The basis for creating high value compounds is the cost-effective fractionation of the pyrolysis oil. Fractionation will result in various qualities of oil needed for further upgrading into fine chemicals, petrochemicals, automotive fuels and energy (80). The potential for chemical and polymer production from biomass has been comprehensively assessed in several reports and papers (2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17). In 2004 the US Department of Energy issued a report which listed 12 chemicals building blocks which it considered as potential building blocks for the future. This list was reviewed and updated in 2010 with new opportunities added to the list, see Table 2. Table 2. Promising Bio-based chemical targets as assessed in 2004 and 2010 (15,16). Bio-based chemical opportunities 2004 2010 1,4-Dicarboxylic acids (succinic, fumaric and malic) Succinic acid 2,5-Furan dicarboxylic acid Furanics 3-Hydroxy-propionic acid Glycerol Hydroxypropionic acid/aldehyde Glycerol and derivatives Sorbitol Sorbitol Xylitol/Arabinitol Xylitol Levulinic acid Levulinic acid Aspartic acid - Glucaric acid - Glutamic acid - Itaconic acid - 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone - - Biohydrocarbons - Lactic acid - Ethanol 9 5. BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND POLYMERS - OPPORTUNITIES AND GROWTH PREDICTIONS The BREW project (14) analysed the market potential for a group of bulk chemicals produced from renewable resources using biotechnology, see Table 3. The study found that with favourable market conditions the production of bulk chemicals from renewable resources could reach 113 million tonnes by 2050, representing 38% of all organic chemical production. Under more conservative market conditions the market could still be a significant 26 million tonnes representing 17.5% of organic chemical production. Recently Plastemart (73) gave an overview of the biorenewable market which was estimated to be worth US$2.4 billion globally in 2010. This steadily growing market has experienced a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.8%, a growth trend that is going to increase as the world resumes a more normal production pace and new bio- based chemicals such as bio-ethylene come to market, see Figure 4. By 2015, the biorenabable chemical market will be worth US$6.8 billion, a CAGR of 22.8% between 2010 and 2015. The largest region for biorenabable chemical sales continues to be the U.S., which captured 21.6% of the market in 2009.PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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