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Table 4. Turnover of Biomass in food and biobased products. Sector Food Agriculture Paper/Pulp Forestry/Wood industry Biobased products Chemicals and plastics Enzymes Annual turnover (billion Euro) 965 381 375 269 50 (estimation*) 0.8 (estimation*) Employment (thousand) 4400 12000 1800 3000 150 (estimation*) 5 (estimation*) Table 4. gives an overview of the current turnover of biomass in general and biobased products in particular. The production of bio-based chemicals has the potential to significantly reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the petrochemical industry, and the downstream users, see Table 5. Life cycle assessment of numerous bio-based chemicals produced using current technology shows that significant GHG reductions could be achieved today, relative to their petroleum-derived equivalent. Lower GHG emissions are expected as dedicated industrial biomass feedstocks are developed, processes are further optimized, and renewable energy technologies are further adopted in industrial and transportation applications. Although the traditional petroleum-based processes are also expected to become more GHG-efficient over time, new exploration methods (e.g. tar sands, deep sea drilling, arctic exploration) will have a great challenge to achieve the same GHG-efficiency as current processes. Biofuels Total * estimation for Europe for 2009. ** estimation based on a production of 2.2 million tonnes bioethanol and 7.7 million tonnes biodiesel at average market price in Europe. 6** 2046 The use of ‘clip-ons’ may occur anywhere within the biobased value chain, from feedstock treatment/variety, to fermentation systems, downstream processing or as an addition to oil refinery technology e.g. the addition of biobased ethylene production usually produced from an oil to ethane stream. The sugar and carbohydrate markets are becoming very volatile, see Figure 7. Large companies with huge capital expenditure cannot afford to walk away from existing infrastructure. However, if carbohydrates are produced from lignocellulose for €300/t rather than paying in excess of €600/t on the open market then a clip on technology may be feasible in the near future. A progressive move to full biorefinery configuration may be necessary for extant industries. Start-ups will of course have an advantage but they have to create their own markets. 150 21505 EBB, eBio Data source CIAA COPA-COGECA, Eurostat CEPI CEI-BOIS USDA, Arthur D Little, Festel, McKinsey, CEFIC Amfep, Novozymes, Danisco/Genencor, DSM Figure 7. Global Prices of Key Food Commodities (Source: World Bank Development Prospects Group). Table 5. Future GHG savings per tonne and annual savings for bio-based chemicals assuming a complete replacement of fossil based chemical by biobased chemical (64). Product Acetic acid Acrylic acid Adipic acid Butanol Caprolactam Ethanol Ethyl lactate Ethylene Lysine Succinic acid 1,3-propanediol PHA PLA GHG savings (t CO2/t of product) 1.2 1.5 3.3 3.9 5.2 2.7 1.9 2.5 3.6 5.0 2.9 2.8 3.3 Installed world capacity (million t/year) 8.3 2.9 2.4 2.5 3.9 2.6 1.2 100.0 0.6 1.4 Annual GHG savings (million tonne CO2/year) 9.6 4.4 7.9 9.6 20.0 7.1 2.2 246 2.3 6.8 13 8. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS THROUGH BIO-BASED CHEMICAL PRODUCTION -- 57.0 160 11.1 36.5PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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