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It also important not to oversell the potential GHG emission reductions, as was done with the introduction of biofuels. Just as not all biofuels are created equal, all bio-based chemicals are not created equal. Some bio-based chemicals might in fact not have a GHG reduction relative to its petroleum counterpart. The reductions must be estimated by lifecycle analysis, using realistic data. Albrecht et al. 2010 (104) raised another important consideration that in some cases more savings in GHG emissions can be made through the use of biobased products than using the same material for energy. In these circumstances, the production of biobased products should be favoured over biomass usage before energy production. It should be remembered that a suite of technologies will be used to meet energy needs, even using ‘clip-on, technologies to attenuate existing oil supplies. Several authors have produced detailed assessments of potential GHG emission savings which could be made if bulk chemicals were produced from renewable resources using biotechnology (14, 64, 65). Although assessment of savings is complicated by the large number of potential chemical building blocks and the multiple process routes and feedstocks; savings around 400 million tonnes of CO2 eq per year could be made based on today’s technology and corn starch feedstock. Savings of this magnitude equate to 45% savings across the studied chemicals. If lignocellulosic or sugar cane feedstocks would be used, even greater GHG reductions were estimated. Reductions could more than double to 820 and 1030 million tonnes of CO2 eq. per year, respectively, for lignocellulosic and sugar cane. On a per unit comparison the potential GHG savings from production of bio- based chemicals and polymers often exceed the savings produced from bioenergy or biofuel production (Hermann, Blok, & Patel, 2007). Bio-based bulk chemicals and polymers included historic items with a long history of bio-based production such as citric acid, recently introduced products such as propylene glycol, and products currently in the demonstration stage of development. The next section outlines a number of products with the potential for strong growth and supporting industry interest. In addition, various bio-based chemicals are in the pipeline. The scope and flexibility for the production of bio-based chemicals to form the core or add value to biorefinery operation is exemplified in the range of chemicals currently under industrial development. A non comprehensive list of chemicals currently in development is shown below and a broad selection are discussed in more detail. In the following chapter the C1 – Cn chemical building blocks will be discussed, see Table 6. In several cases these compounds are also end products (e.g. methanol, ethanol) but they represent substantial perspective/use as building block. Key players in the different area’s are highlighted with some more detailed information. 9.1 C1 containing compounds Methane Methane is the main component of Biogas. Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops. Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), water and siloxanes. The methane in the biogas needs to be cleaned and upgraded for most of the biofuels and chemicals applications. Biogas is produced using anaerobic digesters. There are two key processes: Mesophilic and Thermophilic digestion, which can be operated continuously or batch-wise under wet (5 – 15% dry matter) or dry (over 15% dry matter) conditions in single, double or multiple digesters (113). Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is the major component of syngas and therefore an important biobased building block for a.o. Fischer- Tropsch chemistry. Methanol Methanol can easily be formed from syngas. Chemrec (70) uses black liquor gasification for the production of methanol and subsequently dimethylether (DME) an interesting biofuels pursuit by Volvo (71). BioMCN also produces methanol but their primary feedstock is glycerol, the main side-product of biodiesel production (72). Formic acid Formic acid is produced in equimolar amounts in the Biofine and other C6 based processes for levulinic acid production (MBP). At the moment it is mainly produced as a value-adding co- product. Other C1 based building blocks There are only two other C1 based building blocks possible, e.g. carbon dioxide and formaldehyde. The use of carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock has been extensively discussed in the book edited by Prof. Michele Aresta (102) and is outside the scope of this overview while at present there are no initiatives known to produce biobased formaldehyde but can easily be produced starting from biobased methanol. 9. COMMERCIAL & NEAR MARKET PRODUCTS 14PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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