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9.7 Cn containing compounds p-Xylene In 2011, quite a buzz about 100% biobased PET has started. PET is a polymer built up from the monomers mono- Ethyleneglycol (MEG) and purified Terephthalic acid (PTA). In 2010 The Coca Cola Company introduced PlantbottleR, a PET bottle containing 100% renewable MEG (42). The route to ethylene glycol from ethanol is well known and was practiced into the 1960’s until oil based MEG became a cheaper route. Ethanol in Brazil and India is being produced from sugarcane and India Glycols does convert sugarcane ethanol to Ethylene Glycol. Now other companies, with PepsiCo (95) as a flagship example, have announced they want to go to a 100% renewable PET bottle, that means also replacing fossil based PTA by renewable PTA. Several companies have announced they are working on this. Gevo is commercializing biobutanol (iso butanol) and have announced their interest to work with companies to convert this to para-xylene and then to PTA (51, 96). Isobutanol can be converted to para-xylene via isobutylene which can be readily oxidised to terephthalic acid for production of PET. Draths is working to convert glucose via trans, trans- muconate to PTA. Anellotech claims the technology to convert biomass (i.e. wood waste, corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, etc.) in a fluidized bed reactor in the presence of an inexpensive zeolite catalyst. Biomass is rapidly heated without oxygen and the resulting gases are immediately catalytically converted into aromatic hydrocarbons. The resulting BTX mixture can be sold to petrochemical companies for processing in existing separation units, or distilled by Anellotech and sold directly into the market. According to Anellotech, other than the reactor, regenerator and the catalyst, the process equipment consists of standard items, simplifying and focusing development. The reaction of dimethylfuran and ethylene to produce para-xylene has been disclosed in a patent (WO2010/151346A1) by Honeywell/UOP (61). The dimethylfuran can be produced from carbohydrates such as glucose or fructose. Also US patent application, US2010/0168461A1, claims the use of terpenes such a limonene (found in citrus fruits) as a route to PTA. The latest in line is Virent who claims to have produced para-xylene in their pilot plant made through a patented, catalytic process which converts plant-based carbohydrates into para-xylene molecules (101). However, in spite of all this activity, none of these technologies are close to being commercial and it seems a long way before they will be cost competitive with fossil based PTA. The Coca Cola Company The Coca-Cola Company Announces Partnerships to Develop Commercial Solutions for Plastic Bottles Made Entirely From Plants - Breakthrough Technologies from Virent, Gevo and Avantium Selected to Reach Global Scale The Coca-Cola Company recently announced multi-million dollar partnership agreements with three leading biotechnology companies to accelerate development of the first commercial solutions for next-generation PlantBottleTM packaging made 100% from plant-based materials. This effort to commercialize a plastic bottle made entirely from plants builds on the Company's ground-breaking introduction and roll-out of its first generation PlantBottleTM package which was the first ever recyclable PET beverage bottle made partially from plants. Since introduced in 2009, the Company has already distributed more than 10 billion PlantBottleTM packages in 20 countries worldwide. Agreements with Virent, Gevo and Avantium - industry leaders in developing plant-based alternatives to materials traditionally made from fossil fuels and other non- renewable resources - were signed following an in-depth two year analysis of different technologies by The Coca-Cola Company's R&D team and technical advisory board. "While the technology to make bio-based materials in a lab has been available for years, we believe Virent, Gevo and Avantium are companies that possess technologies that have high potential for creating them on a global commercial scale within the next few years," said Rick Frazier, Vice President, Commercial Product Supply, The Coca-Cola Company. "This is a significant R&D investment in packaging innovation and is the next step toward our vision of creating all of our plastic packaging from responsibly sourced plant-based materials." Agreements with these three companies will help The Coca-Cola Company support its long-term commitments through sustainable practices in sourcing and packaging supply. While Virent, Gevo and Avantium will follow their own route to make bio-based materials, all materials will be developed in line with Company and industry recycling requirements (138). Polyhydroxyalkanoates Polyhydroxyalkanaotes (PHAs) are a group of microbial polyesters with a history of production dating back over 50 years. Unlike most bio-based polymers, which are produced by chemical polymerisation methods using bio-based monomers, PHAs are produced directly by fermentation. PHAs are based on renewable materials and are biodegradable attracting the interest of a number of companies. Although over 150 types of PHAs are known only 3* are produced in significant quantities (54). Global capacity for PHA production is around 100,000 to 130,000 tonnes but could expand significantly given the increasing demand for bio-based and biodegradable materials (54) (24). Companies active in the production of PHAs include Mitsubishi Gas Chemical in Japan, PHB Industrial in Brazil, Tianjin Green Bio-Science in China and Metabolic Explorer (24). Telles, the joint venture between agricultural giant Archer Daniels Midland and technology developer Metabolic Explorer has recently been terminated. 25PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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