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1CO2 UTILIZATION Fig. 4: Pathways for transformation and usage of CO2 (Source: compiled by the authors) fuels, which immediately rerelease the CO2 on combustion. If it proves pos- sible to recover CO2 from the atmosphere and to use it for fuel production, the transport fuels of the future would be substantially more climate-friendly than those used at present. If the CO2 used in the production of transport fuels is sourced from industrial processes, the overall result is a reduction in the consumption of fossil resources. In this case, CO2 serves to broaden the raw materials base of the chemical industry and CO2 emissions are reduced as conventional fossil-based fuels do not need to be used. By analysing the carbon foot-print of competing processes, it should, in general, be possible to identify the process that generates the smallest additional quantities of CO2 emissions and that may even yield a carbon footprint smaller than the corresponding reference process. Ultimately, the question whether or not it makes economic as well as environmental sense to utilise CO2 as a chemical feedstock must be answered separately for each individual process at each individual production site. There are also a large number of biotechnological pathways in which CO2 is used as a starting material. In these biotech applications, microorganisms are used either to bind the CO2 in biomass or to covert it to higher value products. As is the case with the chemical utilisation of CO2, the sustainabili- ty of the overall biotech process must be assessed. It is also possible to utilise CO2 biologically: natural processes such as photosynthesis can be exploited to bind CO2 within biomass, such as algae. Experts in the CO2 utilisation field currently predict that by 2030 the first CO2-based consumer products, such as mattresses, will be marketed, that construction materials produced using CO2 will be competing with conven- tionally produced materials, and that CO2-based fuels will available. Accord- ing to this vision of the future, it is predicted that a CO2-based economy will be fully established by 2050. Technical Gas Chemical Biotechnologic Biologic Direct usage for dry ice, cleaning agent or cooling solvent, as welding gas, as environmental friendly solvent, green house feed, or for water treatment Use of CO2 as feedstock at chemical processes e.g. for petrochemical carbon sources Technological use of micro-organisms in order to bind CO2 in biomass or transform it to a raw material Use of photosynthesis, in order to bind CO2 in biomass, e.g. in algae 18PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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