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MOTIVATION, CHALLENGES, OUTLOOK 1.1.2 CO2 utilisation The utilisation of CO2 as a material resource can be divided initially into the areas physical use and chemical use. The physical use of CO2 as an industrial gas is already well-established in many areas. The chemical utilisation of CO2 is not new but the opportunity now exists to exploit novel synthetic routes that allow the molecule to be incorporated sustainably in both existing and new value generating production chains. In this section, we provide an over- view of the various areas in which CO2 can be utilised. 1.1.2.1 The physical use of CO2 The physical utilisation of carbon dioxide refers to those applications in which the whole molecule is used directly without undergoing any chemi- cal conversion. CO2 is selected for these applications because it has a number of useful physical properties: it is non-flammable, non-toxic and relatively inert, it has an easily accessible supercritical regime and, when compared to other refrigerants, it has a comparatively low greenhouse gas potential. CO2 is therefore used as a refrigerant in a wide variety of processes. In the food industry, it is used as an inert protective gas to extend the shelf-life of foods, it is used in the beverages industry to produce carbonated drinks and to remove caffeine from coffee. CO2 is also used both as a propellant and as an extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers, as a cleaning agent in the textile industry, as an extraction agent and for impregnating wood. 19 Where is CO2 already used? • Sparkling and refreshing – CO2 is used in the beverages industry to create carbonated drinks. • Putting out fires – CO2 is used in fire extinguishers both as a propellant and an extinguishing agent. • Clean and fresh – CO2 is used in the textiles sector as a cleaning agent. • Keeping a clear head – Climate change and CO2 emissions have been giving people a headache for years. But CO2 can also help to relieve headaches, as it is used in the manufacture of aspirin. • Well packaged – CO2 is used as a protective inert gas in the food industry, where it helps to extend the shelf-life of food, such as meat. • Promoting growth – CO2 and ammonia have been used in fertiliser production since the 19th century. • Ice cold – CO2 is used as a refrigerant in a wide range of technical processes.PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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