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1CO2 UTILIZATION In terms of quantities produced, urea production is the most important commercial CCU operation In the urea synthesis reaction, CO2 reacts with ammonia to form urea. Urea can be used as a nitrogen fertiliser or as a starting material in the chemical industry for the production of other chemical products, such as urea resins. Urea resins are useful as adhesives and for their impregnation and insula- tion properties. Annual production levels for urea are around 150 million metric tons, for which about 110 million tons of CO are utilised. Ammonia The physical utilisation of CO2 also covers Enhanced Oil/Gas Recovery (EOR, EGR) procedures. Enhanced oil or gas recovery involves injecting CO2 in- to natural gas or oil fields, which raises the pressure in the reservoir, thus increasing the amount of gas or oil that can be extracted from the field. As a result of EOR and EGR activities, about 20 million metric tons of CO2 are stored below ground annually. EOR and EGR are primarily a means of im- proving oil and gas extraction making extraction from a particular oil or gas field profitable for longer. These procedures were not introduced in order to promote sustainability. However such pathways must be taken into account whenever CO2 is gener- ated in an industrial process and cannot be utilised in any other way. CO2 is used in its solid, liquid and gaseous forms. Making direct physical use CO2 is not an energy intensive process. However, with the exception of EOR/ EGR, these applications result in the direct release of CO2 back into the at- mosphere. These applications do not therefore result in a reduction in CO2 emissions. 1.1.2.2 The chemical use of CO2 The chemical and biotechnological utilisation of CO2 involves using it as a reactant in chemical and biochemical reactions. The use of CO2 as a building block in chemical reactions is not new and a number of long-established processes based on this concept already exist. The spectrum of products in which CO2 can be used as a reactant or feedstock ranges from basic chemi- cals to polymers, special chemicals and synthetic fuels. Dividing CO2-based products into chemicals and fuels is not always clear cut, as some substances, such as methanol, are clearly important in both categories. Figure X shows a number of the many products fabricated via CO2-based syntheses. 1.1.2.2.1 Major commercial processes At present, around 110 million metric tons of CO2 are utilised as chemical feedstock. The syntheses and products described below represent the most important ways in which CO2 is utilised as a chemical building block. 1.1.2.2.1.1 Synthesis of urea 2 and urea production facilities are typically integrated so that the CO2 for the 20PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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