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1CO2 UTILIZATION 1.1.2.2.1.3 Cyclic carbonates Another established process is the production of cyclic carbonates by react- ing epoxides with CO2 as shown in Equation (3). Annual production levels are about 80,000 metric tons, for which 40,000 tons of CO2 are required. Cyclic carbonates are used as solvents, electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries and as intermediates in a variety of polymer syntheses. The reaction below illustrates the formation of a cyclic carbonate from an epoxide: (3) 1.1.2.2.1.3 Methanol synthesis Another industrial process in which CO2 is used as a reactant is when it is added in small quantities to hydrogen-rich synthesis gas to synthesise methanol. Global production of methanol is around 80 million metric tons per annum, for which approximately 2 million tons of CO2 are used. The direct synthesis of methanol from CO2 and hydrogen described in Equation (4) has not yet been implemented on a major industrial scale, but is already being used in a number of smaller commercial plants (see Section 1.2.2.2). CO2 + 3H2 ➞ CH2OH + H2O (4) 1.1.2.2.2 Processes currently in the demonstration phase and commercial facilities in the process-launch or expansion phase A number of processes in which CO2 is used as a chemical building block are currently poised for introduction into the market. Demonstration plants are already in operation for the products and processes described below, and a number are now commercially available on the market. 1.1.2.2.2.1 Polymers Expressed simply, polymers are chemical substances composed of a large number of repeating units of the same groups of atoms that are arranged such that they form linear or branched chains. Synthetic polymers are usu- ally referred to as plastics. The manufacture of plastics involves linking together the chemical building blocks (the ‘monomers’) that make up the polymer. In the case of CO2, it can either be used as a monomer and be directly incorporated into the polymer chain, or the polymer can be composed of monomers that were previously synthesised using CO2. The chemical industry hopes that CO2-based plastics will deliver innovative new products exhibiting novel or improved material 22PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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