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1CO2 UTILIZATION Catalysis is a key element in achieving efficient CO2 utilisation When computing the carbon footprint for the overall process the fact that the process of mineralisation is very energy intensive (e.g. milling, high- temperature reactions) must also be taken into account. Nevertheless, this ap- plication has the potential for utilising significant quantities of CO2, reflecting the fact that cement is one of the world’s most commonly used materials. The cement industry is very interested in reducing its own carbon emission levels, as 5 % of global CO2 emissions come from the cement industry. The British company Carbon8 treats industrial waste with CO2 to produce minerals that can be used as aggregate for concrete or as building materials. The patented Accelerated Carbonation Technology (ACT) offers a quick and easy means of processing solid waste residues. The CO2-based product can be used as a secondary aggregate, engineering fill or for construction materi- als with specialist properties. The Recoval company in Belgium also uses CO2 to produce aggregates that can be used, for example, in road construction. Companies such as Heidelberg Cement, Shell, Lafarge, Saint Gobain and ArcelorMittal are also currently researching how CO2 can be incorporated in construction materials. There is also interest in implementing such projects in Germany. 1.1.2.2.3 Basic research into CO2 utilisation Considerable basic research still needs to be carried out if CO2 utilisation is to become established in all industrial and geographical areas. This is true for all aspects and all types of CO2 utilisation. In the following section we highlight the important role played by catalysis. 1.1.2.2.3.1 Catalysis As already mentioned, the greatest barrier to industrial CO2 utilisation is the stability and relative inertness of the molecule. As part of the basic research work being undertaken in this field, catalysis has a particularly important role to play as it is one way of encouraging CO2 to undergo chemical reac- tions. Understanding the reaction mechanisms involved requires a funda- mental understanding of catalytic processes. There are a large variety of catalytic systems that can potentially transform CO2 into a promising reac- tant for the synthesis of chemical products in the chemical and allied indus- tries. In homogeneous catalysis, the reactants and the catalyst are in the a genuine carbon sink, as the carbonates that form are stable over geological timescales. The process actually occurs very slowly in nature and is responsi- ble for binding many millions of tons of CO2 each year. For industrial appli- cations, the process (see Equation (xx)) needs to be accelerated significantly before it can be regarded as viable. MO.ySiO2.zH2O (s) + CO2 (g) ⇌ MCO3 (s) + ySiO2 (s) + zH2O (l) ; M= Mg, Ca (xx) 28PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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