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1CO2 UTILIZATION ECCO2 (PVD) in which the composition of the alloy gradually varies across the film. The influence of alloying elements on activity, stability and selectivity can therefore be systematically examined at a high level of resolution with re- spect to material composition. The results from these preliminary studies will then be transferred to industrial catalysts. Carbon-supported nano- particles are the catalysts of choice in industrial applications as they offer a large surface area while requiring only a relatively small amount of the active material. However, further analysis of these catalysts will definitely be required, as it is highly unlikely that the results from model systems, such as thin film samples on nanoparticles, can be transferred to systems designed for industrial use. The measurement process is also greatly simplified in this case, as multiple catalysts can be deposited as material spots onto a conduct- ing inactive surface. The dimensions of the catalyst spots can be chosen so that they are enclosed by the orifice of the SFC, which ensures that no ac- tive material is transferred from one catalyst to another when moving to a new measurement spot. As not all of the reaction products can be detected by the DEMS, an additional setup with coupled gas chromatographs (GC) is also required. This setup has a conventional glass cell with one of the GCs drawing samples from the gas phase above the electrolyte, which enables it to analyse all of the gaseous products, while another GC is used to analyse samples taken by hand from the liquid phase. In a GC, the analytes are trans- ported through a chromatographic column whose inside is coated with a (stationary) liquid phase. The retention time of an analyte molecule in the liquid phase determines the time that the molecule spends in the column. As different molecules have different retention times, the molecules within the analyte mixture can therefore be separated in time. The comprehensive study of CO2 reduction described above should yield new insights that will help to implement an artificial, industrially relevant CO2 cycle. 1.6.3 Results Both of the proposed SFC setups (an SFC with coupled DEMS and an SFC with a coupled ICP-MS) were realised experimentally and used extensive- ly in studying electrochemical CO2 reduction. Only selected results will be presented here, as a more comprehensive description would be beyond the scope of the present review. Once the optimum operating conditions and measurement setup had been derived from the results of the initial parameter studies on a copper system, attention moved to examining a copper-cobalt material library. This showed that the ratio of copper to cobalt strongly influences not only the general production of hydrocarbons and alcohols, but also the relative amounts of C1 and C2 products. It could be shown that as the cobalt concentration increases, the amount of methane produced de- creases continuously, while the production of ethylene and ethanol reach- 58PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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