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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Fig. 49: Overview of PtX technology pathways. (Source: compiled by the authors) 2.1.2.3 Comparison of energy storage technologies In addition to referring to classification schemes, making technical and econo- mic comparisons of the available technologies is a key element in determin- ing which energy storage technology is best suited for a particular purpose. Initially, the energy storage systems are compared in terms of investment cost per unit of energy storage (€/kWh) and investment cost per unit of power output (€/kW). This comparison enables the technologies to be categorised as either short-term, medium-term or long-term storage systems. If the price per kilowatt is comparatively low and the price per unit of stored ener- gy relatively high, then from an economic perspective the system is suitable for use as a short-term or medium-term energy storage solution. If the situ- ation is reversed (price per kW is high, price per kWh is low), then the tech- nology is better suited for energy storage over a period of weeks or months. The relationship between price per kW and price per kWh is shown in Figu- re 1.5 for the most important electricity storage systems. The technologies can be clearly distinguished in terms of their discharge times batteries are Renewable electricity as primary energy Power-to-X Power-to-X Power-to-liquid Electrolysis e.g. water electrolysis (AEL, PEM, HTES), chloralkali process, molten salt electrolysis, single-step electrolysis Power-to-chemicals Thermochemical syntheses and biological processes e.g. methanation, Fischer-Tropf syntheses, methanol synthesis, MTG, ammonia synthesis Energy carriers, basic feedstock materials and (intermediate) products e.g. hydrogen, methane, methanol, ammonia, ethanol, hydrocarbons, ethene Process heat e.g. IR heating, electric arc process (plasma heating), conductive and inductive heating, HF heating , electrode boiler Heating and cooling e.g. heating element, heat pump, electro- de boiler, cooling/ refrigeration unit Industrial processing e.g. cracking, steel production, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, transesterification, polymerisation Electric drive Power-to-heat-to-power Chemical and industrial products e.g. fertiliser, pharmaceutical products, plastics, acids, steel, methanol, DME, ethene Mobility e.g. petrol, diesel, kerosene, hydrogen, methane Electricity Heating and cooling 112 Power-to-heatPDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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