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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Fig. 52: Comparison of the discharge times and storage capacity of different energy storage technologies [7]. stored heat into electricity. Another factor and that has not been considered up until now is the self-discharge rate that provides an additional limit on long-term storage capabilities. Figure 1.6 shows the amount of energy avail- able in the energy storage system over the course of a year. It can be seen that the high self-discharge rates in thermal energy storage systems (0.8 % per day) makes them essentially unsuitable for long-term energy storage. In terms of this particular criterion, power-to-gas technology would be the best choice for long-term storage requirements. Figure 52 illustrates the areas of application of energy storage systems as a function of their storage capacity (total energy stored) and discharge times. For guidance purposes, the diagram also includes the annual energy consumption levels for a range of different consumers, from an individu- al household to a major city like Berlin. The data used to compile the data clouds associated with the different storage technologies relates to plants or systems currently installed in Germany. The longest discharge times and highest storage capacities are associated with power-to-gas technology. After PtG systems come mechanical energy storage and district heating storage systems. Batteries, in contrast, are useful as storage systems when the timeframe is hours or days. Their storage capa- 1 Year 1 Month 1 Week 1 Day 1 Hour 1 Min. 1 Sec. 1 ms Heat storage City of Regensburg Big city: Berlin (150.000 inhabitants) (3.5 Mio. inhabitants) Power-to-Gas Pore reservoirs (Methane) Cavern storage (Methane, hydrogen) Pumped-storage plants Compressed-air store (caverns) chemically thermic mechanical electorchemic electromagnetically electric Batteries Condenser Redox flow sensibel latent Sodium-sulfur Lithium Ions Lead acid flywheel mass storage Annual electricity demand of households Sample household (2 persons) Village (100 inhabitants) Long-distance heat storage Spools Storage capacity 114 Withdrawal durationPDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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