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Chemical Processes and Use of CO2

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Chemical Processes and Use of CO2 ( chemical-processes-and-use-co2 )

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city ranges from a few kilowatt hours to several hundred megawatt hours so that they begin to overlap with pumped hydro systems. Despite their short discharge times and low storage capacities, flywheel storage systems (spin- ning reserves), capacitors and inductors are important components from a power engineering perspective as they offer both fast response times and a high number of discharge cycles, which are essential in applications such as reactive power compensation. Thermal energy storage systems are used in domestic applications (e.g. solar hot-water storage tanks) and in large-scale applications such as district heating networks or solar power plants (e.g. molten salt storage systems). Each of the storage technologies referred to above is used in a variety of appli- cations within the energy sector. From an engineering point of view, Germany has sufficient storage capacity for the ongoing energy transition. Developing and utilising these technologies efficiently requires policymakers to establish a roadmap by compiling an appropriate policy framework (see Section 2.1.5.2). The data and information contained in Figure 50, Figure 51 and Figure 52 can be combined to calculate energy storage costs. Quantifying costs in this way enables the different types of storage systems to be deployed economi- cally within the energy sector. Fig. 53: Comparison of electricity storage costs for different energy storage technologies [7]. CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Short-term storage Storage capacity expensive Storage performance cheap Pump storage Lithium-Ion Batteries Power-to-Gas with Cavern Storage Compressed air reservoir Long-term storage Storage capacity cheap Storage performance expensive Cycle duration in hours 1 day 1 Week 1 Month 1 Year 115 Electricity storage costs through storage in €/kWh

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