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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE IC4 sociated with suitable polymers. LCST (lower critical solution temperature) polymer solutions exhibit entropically driven demixing at temperatures above the LCST with the result that the polymers separate from the aqueous phase. At temperatures below the LCST, the polymer is completely miscible in the aqueous phase. If these polymers have suitable substituents, the LCST effect can be exploited to influence the pH of the aqueous solution. A lower pH promotes the release of CO2 from the hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3 ̄, which forms when CO2 is absorbed in the aqueous solutions of amines ty- pically used in post-combustion carbon capture. However, the reduction in the amount of heat necessary to release the dissolved CO2 is too small to en- able a new more energy-efficient technology to be developed. In the area of post-combustion carbon capture, fundamental insights into the reaction mechanisms underlying the CO2 capture process were made regarding: a) the use of various amine reagents, both in aqueous solution and immobi- lised on solid support materials, and b) a variety of zeolite systems. The economic feasibility of their use in a range of different technical proces- ses was assessed. The study carried out in collaboration with the project partner Siemens into the technical and economic feasibility of carbon capture technology based on the use of solid sorbents showed that optimising heat integration, which would allow the heat generated during the exothermic absorption stage to be used for the endothermic desorption step, was considerably more com- plex than originally thought and would require increased capital investment costs that would outweigh the economic benefits of reduced running costs. Heat integration for wet scrubbing systems is considerably easier to imple- ment. In summary, solid solvents are better suited for pre-combustion ap- plications in which the CO2 is generated at high partial pressures and thus a thermodynamic driving force is already present in the system that can be used in the subsequent CO2 desorption/sorbent recovery stage. The cage concept based on spherical silica particles developed by Professor Lercher’s group at TUM may well be suitable for this approach. In the COOMem subproject, novel coatings were developed and applied to asymmetric silicon matrices to yield new membranes that are able to se- parate CO2 with surprisingly high selectivity from a variety of different gas streams. Initial attempts by Fraunhofer research teams to develop hol- low-fibre membranes proved successful and the first modules consisting 156PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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