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SOLARSTEP FUNDED PROJECTS 2.6 SolarStep – Chemicals Research and Engineering BMBF Project FKZ 033RC1103 Project Coordinator: Stefan Brendelberger, DLR Project Partner: BASF SE, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) 2.6.1 Introduction 2.6.1.1 Pre-project status and background Achieving the goal of restricting the long-term concentration of atmosphe- ric CO2 to below 450 ppm requires a significant reduction in global CO2 emissions and the worldwide deployment of alternative technologies scaled for industrial use. Policy instruments in the form of ambitious carbon emis- sions targets and earmarked research funding both play a key role. The need to replace fossil-based energy carriers with renewable sources of energy is one of the greatest challenges of our time. According to figures from the In- ternational Energy Agency (IEA), global emissions of carbon dioxide reached a new record level of 30.6 gigatons in 2010. In order to limit global warming to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, emissions will need to be reduced to 22 gigatons by the year 2035. Hydrogen can play a decisive and central role in achieving this objective if it is used as a chemical building block for the production of chemical fuels that can provide long-term storage of renewable energy as well as being used in the transport sector. Additionally, large quantities of hydrogen can be used to convert fossil-based and renewables-based raw materials and CO2 into useful chemical products. At present, the predominant means of generating hydrogen is from hydrocarbons, mainly via the steam reforming process or by the partial oxidation of natural gas. The generation of hydrogen from hydrocarbons is an established process that has been optimised in terms of energy efficiency but that nevertheless results in the emission of significant quantities of CO2. In view of the stated climate action targets, any proposals involving the use of massive quantities of hydrogen will only have long-term viability if the hy- drogen can be generated efficiently using renewable sources of energy. At the present moment, the renewable hydrogen technology that is furthest along the development path is that based on the electrolysis of water powered by 161PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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