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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE SOLARSTEP electricity from renewable sources. However, a number of factors continue to pose challenges, such as the efficiency of the renewable electricity generation and the temporal fluctuations in the supply of renewable electricity and the demands that this places on the operation of the electrolysis units. An alternative concept for hydrogen generation is thermochemical water splitting. The idea of using redox materials to produce hydrogen was orig- inally proposed in relation to nuclear power plants [1]. In contrast, the ap- proaches currently being proposed involve the use of concentrated solar ra- diation to produce the high-temperature heat required [2-4]. Thermodynamic analyses of the process have highlighted the high theoretical potential that this approach seems to offer [5]. Early process concepts using a variety of re- dox materials were studied in a number of lab-scale research projects [6-11]. The SolarStep project builds on this preceding work and aims to identify and develop suitable materials, process concepts and component designs with a view to achieving the large-scale implementation of the technology. The project consortium, comprising BASF, DLR and KIT, offers the requisite level of expertise in the areas of material development and material character- isation, solar technology and solar process engineering and the industrial upscaling of chemical plants and processes. 2.6.2 Project description 2.6.2.1 Objectives and project implementation Choice of material The two-stage solar thermochemical water splitting reaction using redox materials has been studied for a number of years now around the world and is garnering increasing interest. There is also growing interest in using this approach for CO2 splitting and in combining the two reactions to generate synthesis gas. The number of materials and material classes that have been studied for the purposes of such applications has grown considerably over the last few years. The materials studied differ from one another in terms of their composition, production process and their morphological characteris- tics. By comparing these materials it should be possible to identify the most promising candidates. The key criteria to be applied are the yields of H2 or CO generated by an individual materials and its long-term stability. In addi- tion, a search will be made for materials and material classes that have not so far been used for splitting H2O or CO2 but that could potentially be used in this way. Particular attention will be paid to materials that allow rapid oxygen transport in the material. Special software tools will be deployed to filter out the most promising candidates from the huge number of possible material combinations. 162PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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