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SOLARSTEP FUNDED PROJECTS Once the results of these initial studies are available, a selection of mate- rials will be made that will then be analysed in greater detail by means of thermodynamic calculations. Thermodynamic methods are well suited to assessing and estimating the theoretical potential of a candidate material. The methods will be used to examine the H2O and CO2 splitting reactions and the reduction reaction. This will enable estimates to be made of the con- ditions under which the reaction is thermodynamically favoured. Other cri- teria that will be used to further refine the selection of materials are the tem- peratures and oxygen partial pressures required in the reduction reaction. The most promising materials selected on the basis of these results will then be synthesised and experimentally characterised. Finally, the experimental data can be used in reactor and process models to simulate the use of these materials and to assess their potential for various applications. Material characterisation In addition to determining the physical properties of the materials using standard methods, the process will be set up in a laboratory environment to enable chemical characterisation of the materials involved. Test benches will be set up that will allow the temperatures and atmospheric conditions that prevail during the reactor cycles to be reproduced. The measurement system comprises a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a mass spectrometer (TGA-MS). This setup enables materials to be reduced under an inert gas at- mosphere at temperatures of up to 1500 °C and permits testing of the H2O splitting reaction at temperatures of up to 1000 °C or the CO2 splitting re- action at temperatures up to 1500 °C. The composition of the atmosphere was adjusted by means of mass flow meters, premixed test gases and an oxy- gen pump. While the experiment is running, changes in the sample mass are monitored and the composition of the product gas is determined mass spec- trometrically. The combined analysis of these measurement values enables reaction progress to be inferred and the temporal development of the mate- rials as they pass through the cycles of the redox process to be recorded. By standardising much of the measurement methodology and automating the measurement procedures, the test bench setup is suitable both for screening candidate materials and for their subsequent detailed characterisation. To enable experiments to be carried out for longer periods, a special test bench was developed that allows the materials to be oxidised and reduced under homogeneous and reproducible conditions. A tube furnace was used that allowed the materials to be subjected to heating cycles with temper- atures up to 1500 °C. The composition of the flushing gas was adjusted by using a combination of defined test gases, mass flow meters and a pre-drier; the product gas was analysed using a lambda oxygen sensor and mass spec- trometer. The experimental setup enables the reaction yield to be tracked over multiple cycles and thus cycle stability determined. As the morpholog- 163PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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