Chemical Processes and Use of CO2

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Chemical Processes and Use of CO2 ( chemical-processes-and-use-co2 )

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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE SOLARSTEP Fig. 72: Facility for testing the receiver systems (Source: DLR/Ernsting) ical characteristics of the materials may well change during long-term tes- ting, the materials are analysed using imaging techniques once testing has been completed. Concept development The properties of the material determine how the reactions proceed under the relevant conditions. The materials therefore provide the framework wi- thin which the processes can be configured and optimised. Process optimi- sation is performed using computational simulation methods. Initially, the models are quite crude and are used, for example, to compute the energy balances of the two main reactions. However, the models are successively refined so that they are ultimately able to include and take account of all relevant process steps and mechanisms. If all of the key elements have been included in the model, an optimised concept can then be developed with respect to the overall system subject to the prevailing constraints and inter- actions. One of the major challenges of solar thermochemical water and carbon diox- ide splitting cycles are the high temperatures needed to reduce the redox ma- terials. The desired reduction temperatures are typically above 1300 °C. Tem- peratures of this magnitude can be generated by concentrated solar power (CSP) but they also significantly restrict the choice of materials and compo- nents that can be used. Receiver reactors are used to introduce the solar radi- ation into the chemical reaction. Typically, the redox material is directly ex- posed to the concentrated radiation. A number of different receiver-reactor concepts for two-stage redox cycles have been proposed and some of them have been subsequently developed and tested. The design concepts and the physical configurations of these reactors differ significantly from one an- other often as a result of the structure of the redox materials used. While the 164

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