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SOLARSTEP FUNDED PROJECTS general feasibility of receiver reactors has been demonstrated, no concepts have been developed for the redox materials tested so far that address the issue of scalability and that have the potential to deliver high overall effi- ciency. In this project, a scalable approach is sought that is technologically and economically feasible when considered in terms of the overall system. 2.6.3 Results 2.6.3.1 What results were achieved? What are the most important advances compared to the situation at the start of the project? Ceroxide redox material Iron oxide and ferrite systems have been studied intensively in the past as they offer high hydrogen yields. In the pure iron(II) oxide system, the reduc- tion temperature is above the melting point of the wüstite (1370 °C). This results in formation of a melt in conjunction with rapid surface loss and deactivation of the material [12, 13]. When mixed ferrite systems of type (Fe1-xMx)3O4 were used, the reduction temperature was lower. Material sta- bility was improved by using a zirconia and yttria-stabilised zirconia sup- port [14]. However, even with these materials, structural damage [15, 16] and degradation effects [17] have been observed as a result of the high tempera- tures involved. Other well-known redox systems that have been studied are zinc oxide/zinc and tin oxide/tin [3, 11, 18, 19]. Both of these redox pairs suffer from the di- sadvantage that the reduction stage produces gas-phase reaction products. It is therefore necessary to rapidly quench the hot reaction gas after reduction to prevent the reduced metal recombining with the oxygen. Quenching the hot gas results in a large loss of exergy and a resulting decrease in efficiency. Studies performed over the last few years have concentrated primarily on cerium oxide and mixed systems in which the cerium oxide is combined with, for example, zirconium dioxide or iron oxide [7, 10]. As cerium oxi- de has a high melting point and a relatively high oxygen-ion conductivity, it has become a kind of reference material for solar thermochemical redox processes. A disadvantage of the cerium oxide system is that when reduction is carried out at technically realisable temperatures (< 1500 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (>1 mbar), only a relatively low level of reduction can be achieved. As a result, the quantity of material that has to undergo the redox cycle is correspondingly large. Providing sufficient sensible heat to achieve the required reduction temperature therefore becomes a process enginee- ring challenge. A number of recent studies have examined the better per- 165PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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