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Methods using gas-solid reactions In this group of carbon capture methods, a gas-solid reaction is used to bind the CO2 to a solid, typically a solid metal oxide. The CO2 is chemically bound as a carbonate. The apparatus in which the reaction takes place is known as a carbonator. The most frequently used solid is calcium oxide (CaO), which is an inexpensive material that reacts with CO2 to from calcium carbonate (CaCO3). After the CO2-depleted flue or exhaust gas and the carbonate have been separated, the latter is then thermally decomposed in a calcinator to regenerate CaO and CO2. The high purity CO2 is then collected and utilised elsewhere, while the CaO is returned to the calcinator. Adsorption techniques The physical adhesion of molecules onto a surface (interface) is known as physical adsorption or physisorption, as it is not the result of chemical bon- ding but of purely physical (van der Waals) forces. When used for carbon capture, the carbon dioxide becomes attached to the surface of the adsor- bent. However, as the CO2 molecules also have a propensity to leave (i.e. desorb from) the surface, an equilibrium becomes established between the opposing processes of adsorption and desorption. The position of this equi- librium will depend on the pressure, the concentration of the species being adsorbed, and the temperature, properties and size of the adsorbing surface. Cryogenic methods Cryogenic carbon capture techniques use the fact that different gas compo- nents exhibit different condensation and sublimation temperatures. Cryo- genic capture is a physical separation method. It typically involves conden- sing out components such as water vapour from the flue gas stream. For it to work as a carbon capture technique, the flue gas must not contain any components with condensation temperatures lower than that of carbon di- oxide. This is why cryogenic capture is used in combination with the oxy- fuel process in which the fuel undergoes combustion in pure oxygen (rather than air) thus ensuring that lower boiling nitrogen is not present in the flue or exhaust gas stream. Membrane separation techniques This group of carbon capture techniques use membranes to separate atoms and/or molecules. Depending on their size, these particles either pass th- rough the pores of the membrane material at different rates or are retained by the membrane. Membrane gas separation is a purely physical separation method. As membrane separation occurs without the need for heat energy, it usually uses less energy than other (thermal) separation techniques. One disadvantage is the large membrane areas that are required, which leads to very large filtration units or plants. CARBON CAPTURE 181PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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