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3 ENERGY-EFFICIENT PROCESSES Physical absorption techniques If atoms or molecules are dissolved in liquids, the process is referred to as phy- sical absorption. When physical absorption is used for carbon capture, the CO2 is physically bound to the absorbing material (absorbent) by intermolecular forces (typically van der Waals forces). The resulting equilibrium can be descri- bed at low concentrations of solute by Henry’s law (ideal dilute solution) and at high concentrations of solute by Raoult’s law (ideal solution). Chemical absorption techniques In carbon capture by chemical absorption, the CO2 in a flue gas stream in- itially bonds chemically to an absorbent (also referred to as the ‘solvent’). The CO2-enriched absorbent and the flue gas are separated and the CO2 is then stripped from the absorbent by thermal desorption after which it can be utilised for other purposes. Chemical absorption technology is the most common of the carbon capture processes. Three aspects need to be taken into account when designing, adapting or optimising the technical configuration, operation and cost-efficiency of a carbon capture process. These are: • Choice of solvent (see Section 3.1.3.1) • Design of the actual capture process (see Section 3.1.3.2) • Integration into the larger process (power plants, industrial production process; see Section 3.1.3.3). 3.1.2.2 Use of carbon capture technology in different industrial processes (power plants, thermoprocessing equipment, etc.) In view of the carbon dioxide emission levels associated with the energy in- dustry, carbon capture technology is probably most usefully applied to this sector. The focus here is on large-scale centralised power plants that act as major point sources of CO2. These power generating plants burn fuel, mostly of fossil origin, and use the heat contained in the flue gas to generate steam, which is used to drive steam turbines and generate electricity. As it is the flue gas that contains the car- bon dioxide, the carbon capture technology is applied after the fuel has been burned, and this type of carbon capture technology is therefore referred to as PCC (post-combustion capture). Combustion is also the first process sta- ge in many types of thermoprocessing equipment, where it is often used to generate a hot exhaust gas, thus making PCC a viable capture technology. 182PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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