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Although the principles underlying what is known as ‘gasification techno- logy’ are fully developed, the technique has yet to be utilised on a major in- dustrial scale. In the power generation industry, high-pressure gasification of coal can be carried out in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants. The process can be thought of as a combination of gas turbine and steam turbine stages where the fuel gas for the gas turbine stage is generated (from coal) in an integrated gasifier unit. Carbon and its compounds, such as CO and CO2 are separated from the fuel gas exiting the gasifier before the gas is combusted. This is why this method of carbon capture is referred to as pre-combustion capture. In the oxy-fuel combustion capture process, combustion occurs in pure oxygen, i.e. in the absence of the nitrogen present in air. The resulting flue gas therefore consists mainly of water vapour and carbon dioxide. Cooling the flue gas stream allows the water vapour to condense leaving only CO2 in the gas stream. However, the gas stream is still contaminated with a not insignificant number of trace components. The three different carbon capture technologies are shown in Figure 78. Power plant in which CO2 separation occurs before fuel combustion (‘pre-combustion capture’) In this process, carbonaceous fuels (e.g. coal, biomass or waste) are converted to syngas (also known as synthesis gas) at temperatures of between 1000 °C and 1700 °C in the presence of oxygen and steam (substoichiometric com- bustion) under high pressure in a gasifier. The necessary oxygen is usually generated in an integrated air separation unit. The syngas consists primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. After clean-up, the syngas is transfor- CARBON CAPTURE CO2 H2O + N2 Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture Gasification Oxy-Combustion Carbon Capture Energetic use Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Gasification Energetic use Fig. 78: Simplified schematic showing different ways in which carbon capture can be incorporated into fuel combustion processes [1] CO2-Separation Energetic use Combustion with oxygen H2O-Condensation CO2-Separation 183 FuelPDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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