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3 ENERGY-EFFICIENT PROCESSES med into CO2 and H2 in the presence of added steam in a water-gas shift reactor. It is at this stage, i.e. before any further combustion of the hydrogen occurs, that the CO2/H2 stream is separated. Separation is carried out either by wet gas absorption or by membrane separation. Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in highly efficient combined-cycle power plants to generate electricity, or it can be used in fuel cells, as a substitute for natural gas or for synthetic fuels (see Fig. 79a). Fuel Air Air separation N2 Gasification CO2-capture Fig. 79a: Simplified schematic of a pre-combustion capture process CO2 Gas cleaning (Gas shift) druckaufgeladen CCGT with H2-turbine Fig. 79b: Schematic of the carbon capture process in a combined cycle power generation plant with upstream gasification [1] If the gasification unit (or ‘gasifier’) is integrated into the combined-cycle power plant, the overall process is referred to as integrated gasification com- bined cycle (IGCC) technology. IGCC technology has been used in power plants in the USA – but without carbon capture – since the 1980s and is also in use in Buggenum (the Netherlands) and in Puertollano (Spain). Figure 79b provides details of the CO2 capture process. Oxy-fuel power plant with CO2 capture (‘oxy-combustion capture’) A power plant that burns fossil fuels (e.g. a coal-fired plant) but uses pure oxygen instead of air in the combustion process is referred to as an oxy-fuel combustion plant (or ‘oxy-fuel plant’ or ‘oxy-combustion plant’). Here, too, an air separation unit is used to generate the oxygen. 184PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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