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3 ENERGY-EFFICIENT PROCESSES am becoming more CO2-rich as it does so, while the flue gas stream becomes progressively leaner in CO2. The solvent is regenerated by first passing it over a heat exchanger and then into the desorber tower. The solvent is sprayed into the top of the desorber where it flows downward against a counter-current of steam that strips CO2 from it. The flow of stripping steam is generated in the base of the column by applying heat (typically steam) to the aqueous solution of the chemical absorbent. The increase in temperature drives the desorption of CO2 from the solvent stream, and the CO2 released in this way is then drawn off at the top of the tower. As the cooler at the head of the column causes the steam to condense, the CO2 captured is fairly pure and can be subsequently com- pressed for transport. The CO2-lean solvent is then returned to the absorber tower via a heat exchanger, thus completing the solvent cycle. Figure 8 does not show the compressor unit in which the CO2 is compressed to a pressure of 100–120 bar. Compression is a multistage process with inter- cooling stages that ensure that any water vapour still present condenses out. The water from the condenser and the intercooling units is fed back into the solvent cycle, which means that overall the water circulates in what is essen- tially a closed water cycle. Design and operational factors Figure 83 shows the most important factors for the design, operation and optimisation of the CO2 capture facility. These factors can be divided into the following groups: • Plant data, such as the type and structure of the columns and how they are connected • Basic data for the CO2 separation facility, essentially covering important geometrical and flow dynamics information • Thermodynamic data relating to the solvent and its heat treatment • Kinetic data relating to the solvent. A number of the key properties of the plants, processes and media used are identified and described below. Temperatures and temperature profiles within the absorber column The reaction rates in the liquid phase and the position of the reaction equi- librium are affected by the temperatures of the flue gas and solvent streams 192PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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