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CO2-KOMPRESSOR FUNDED PROJECTS use in electric CO2 heat pumps. The prototype should be suitable for heat pumps with thermal power ratings of about 80 kW or more with the po- tential to be used in a broad range of applications (e.g. for water heating and space heating requirements in commercial facilities, such as accommoda- tion complexes, laundries, public baths, etc.). Developing a new, miniatur- ised, oil-free CO2-compressor with an integrated, CO2-cooled electric mo- tor drive should facilitate construction of the large-scale CO2 heat pumps capable of exploiting the previously unused potential of low-temperature heat sources. Thanks to its excellent heat capacity and thermal conductiv- ity, CO2 is well-suited to function as the heat-transfer medium (often re- ferred to simply as the ‘refrigerant’) within a large-scale heat pump. Creating a well-designed compression stage required advancing our understanding in technically unexplored domains relating to the drive system, rotor dy- namics and the bearing systems and to the aerodynamic design of the min- iaturised compressor components. The project focused on developing an ef- ficient compressor that would not only make use of the greenhouse gas CO2 as its heat-transfer medium, but whose mode of operation, environmental benefits and efficiency would make a significant contribution to exploiting the potential offered by low-temperature heat sources. 3.3.2.2 Project implementation: Suitability of CO2 The project objectives raised novel areas of scientific investigation. For exam- ple, at the beginning of the project it was not possible to perform accurate modelling of the pressure increase that accompanies the transition of CO2 from its subcritical to supercritical state, especially when dealing with very small quantities of CO2 in miniature turbocompressors with blade diameters of about 20 mm. There were also no oil-free bearing systems for gaseous me- dia for this type of application and the operational constraints and the rele- vant boundary conditions had not been developed. At that time, there were also no viable engineering solutions for the high-speed electric drives or for the essential power electronics (including the appropriate instrumentation and control functionality) and these elements therefore also needed to be de- veloped. The large volumetric heat capacity exhibited by CO2 makes it a highly efficient heat-transfer medium for achieving the high-temperature heat gen- erated in parts of the heat pump cycle. Its thermodynamic properties mean that it can deliver the sorts of high-temperature supply flows that are typical- ly found in, for instance, the heating systems of older buildings. CO2 is readily available, as it is produced in large quantities from the combustion of fossil fuels. 3.3.2.3 Project implementation: Energetic suitability A transcritical process cycle is essential to achieving sufficiently high coeffi- cients of performance in CO2 heat pumps. The term ‘transcritical’ means the 205PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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