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3 ENERGY-EFFICIENT PROCESSES CO2-KOMPRESSOR transition from the supercritical to the subcritical state and vice versa. Heat transfer in a transcritical cycle does not take place at a constant temperature, as it does in conventional heat pumps, but on a sliding temperature scale at a constant pressure (‘isobaric heat transfer’). 3.3.2.4 Project implementation: Technical suitability / feasibility If CO2 is used as the heat-transfer medium in compression heat pumps, the final pressure in the compressor needs to rise to 80 bar or higher. In current heat pump systems operating with thermal ratings of 50 kW or more, pres- sures of this magnitude are achieved by means of reciprocating compressors or rotary-screw compressors. Both of these compressor technologies have the inherent disadvantage that they introduce oil into the refrigerant medium. As downstream oil filters and separators are unable to completely remove the oil, the result is a reduction in the coefficient of performance and a deterioration in the heat transfer within the evaporator and the condenser units due to the deposition of an oil film on the heat exchanger surfaces, which then has to be compensated for by increasing the surface area of the heat exchanger units. It is therefore desirable to work with compressors in which oil is not introduced into the refrigerant medium. One possible solution is to use a centrifugal com- pressor with rotors supported in gas (CO2) bearings. The target coefficient of performance of 4 in combination with installation space and cost restrictions and a target thermal rating of 80 kW leads to a high-speed multistage design concept with an encapsulated electric drive and very small rotor blade diam- eters (approx. 20 mm). At present, no such multistage CO2 compressors with high-speed encapsulated electric drives are available commercially. The de- velopment work was carried out in the lower part of the dimensional spec- trum, as this is the domain in which any deterioration in efficiency due to flow boundary layer and loss effects are at their most pronounced. 3.3.3 Project results Work Package 1: Development of a high-speed bearing and seal for the CO2 compressor The small CO2 volumes flowing in the heat pump meant that the compres- sor needed to be miniaturised, which in turn dictated compressor speeds of up to 180,000 rpm. This necessitated the development of lubricated gas bearings that would work with the CO2 flowing within the system. Up until now, most of what is known about gas bearings has been provided by empi- rical data. The proposed development work required devising a theoretical model that could describe the fundamental relationships between gas quan- tities, gas pressures and gas flow speeds in gas bearings. 206PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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