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3 ENERGY-EFFICIENT PROCESSES LICIL which pulping was carried out using ILs with different anions under a varie- ty of pulping conditions. Evaluation of the tests performed showed that the costs of these processes are too high [12]. In two consecutive collaborative projects funded by the German Ministry of Agriculture [12, 13], wood chips from beech and poplar trees were pulped by immersion in a mixture of water and ethanol in the presence of approx. 0.5% sulfuric acid at 150–200 °C and 5–20 bar. The pulping concept was based on preliminary work performed by Lenzing AG [14]. Under optimised condi- tions, large-scale production of fibre fractions comprising about 65% cellu- lose, approximately 15% lignin, 15% xylan and 4% acetic acid was achieved. The lignin fractions exhibited a carbohydrate content of approx. 2% and a lignin content of 90% [13]. In a recently published pulping procedure, alkaline glycerol was used to dis- solve and extract the lignin and hemicellulose from wood to leave the cellu- lose [15]. This process, which is referred to as the ‘Alka Pol P’ process, can be considered to be a variant of the alkaline pulping (or ‘soda pulping’) process that is already used commercially. The principles underlying catalytic pulping of plant biomass were described in a recent review article [16]. One innovative approach is that of the 1-Step OrganoCat Process in which biomass is fractionated in a single stage by pulp- ing in a two-phase water/2-methyl tetrahydrofuran system at 80–190 °C in the presence of acid (oxalic acid, formic acid). The hemicellulose sugars dis- solve in the water, the lignin dissolves in the 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and the cellulose, which remains undissolved, can then be removed [17]. 3.8.2 Project description The objective of the project was to develop an economically viable, unpres- surised pulping process for extracting sulfur-free lignin, cellulose, hemicel- lulose and resins from biogenic material that could be operated at a tem- perature of around 80 °C and would require only a few hours to complete. The process would produce non-degraded wood components thus enabling cost-effective recycling of all components. Cellulose is used, for example, in the pulp and paper industry, as an additive in building and construction ma- terials, such as rendering, as an auxiliary filter material and as a filler in the production of thermosetting polymer materials. Sulfur-free lignin can be used as feedstock for the production of petrochem- ical building blocks and fuels and in the manufacture of industrial pellet products and road building products (as a bitumen substitute). A particular- 236PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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