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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE CO2 – From environmental enemy No. 1 to universal feedstock large. The have become mainstream tools for communicating environmental and sustainability issues. The obligation to compile national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol has led to the cre- ation of comprehensive databases that have been created using harmonised methodologies (IPCC 1996). The EU Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/ EC) and the Fuel Quality Directive (2009/30/EG) assume that the actual con- tribution of transport biofuels towards achieving mandatory GHG emissions targets can be computed and they specify the calculation methods to be used. One of the most innovative current approaches is concerned with trans- forming carbon dioxide (CO2) from an environmental ‘evil’ (greenhouse gas) into an environmental ‘asset’ (raw material). This would effectively solve both problems in a single step. This approach is currently referred to by a range of different names, of which Power-to-Liquid (PtL) is just one of the more commonly used. In the jargon of EU law, reference is to ‘renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin’ (Directive (EU) 2015/1513) that can also be used as chemical feedstock. These products are regarded as ‘renewable’ because the underlying concept assumes they will be manufactured using renewable electricity, which will at times be available in excess quantities due to the rapid increase in the amounts of renewable elec- tricity in European grids. Autonomous solar farms in sunny regions are also being discussed. The renewable electric power is used to generate hydrogen that can then be combined with CO2 (or other carbon sources) using estab- lished processes to custom synthesise the required hydrocarbon precursors. Although originally regarded as a secondary issue, the question of where the CO2 should come from is now of central significance. The question of how to calculate the carbon footprint of hydrocarbon prod- ucts synthesised from CO2 (from where?) using (renewable?) electricity is far more complex than it might seem at first sight. This therefore is the central issue to be addressed in this report, and this will be done principally by pre- senting a synopsis of relevant standards and specific methodological pro- posals. The analysis will highlight those methods that are generally accepted as standard and identify those that are still the subject of debate among ex- perts or that have not been examined in detail. In addition to the specifications and requirements already mentioned, those published by the IPCC, the EU Commission and those contained in ISO standards are accepted and uncontentious. But methodological discrep- ancies exist even between these main reference documents and these dif- ferences will be discussed in what follows. The specific problems that arise when attempting to actually compile life cycle inventories of systems that utilise chemically converted CO2 are often only inadequately addressed in these broader general standards. Carbon accounting for CO2 utilisation processes 280PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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