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Obviously, all of the other standard rules have to be observed when calcu- lating the carbon footprint of the synthesis stage, e.g. the consistency of the functional unit (how is it defined?) with the system boundary. An important aspect in this regard is how possible co-products are handled. Does an allo- cation method need to be used or do credits have to be issued? 4.2.3 What role is played by the product’s final use or end-of-life scenario? There are numerous areas of use for the hydrocarbon products generated from waste CO2. From the perspective of the EU’s stated targets, PtL prod- ucts are not only interesting as advanced transport fuels (see above), they are also seen as critical in achieving specified climate goals (see, for example, (UBA 2013) and the Federal Climate Action Plan (BMUB 2016)) relating to the residual long-term demand for liquid fuels (e.g. aviation fuels). When the CO2-derived product is used as a fuel, the CO2 will be immediately rereleased. If, on the other hand, a product derived from CO2 is used as a material, this raises the question of the product’s lifetime. In products with a long lifetime, the carbon dioxide is effectively stored in the product, which for very long storage periods may be relevant in terms of climate accounting. In extreme cases, the CO2 may be permanently sequestered. If the product lifetime needs to be taken into account, there need to be clear rules about how this is done. This also brings us back to the issue of the origin of the CO2, as it once Storage • Rapid release • Temporary storage • Permanent fixation (sequestration, CCS) Questions: • Dealing with delayed emissions • When does a carbon sink occur? METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Fig. 112: The fundamental building blocks when compiling a carbon inventory for a CCU system CO2 Source • Ambient air • Biogenic sources – Biogas – Bioenergy exhaust gas • Fossil sources – Fossil flue gas – Industrial process Questions: • Where should the cut-off limits to upstream processes be drawn? • Allocation • What is the difference between biogenic and fossil sources? CO2 Processing Utilisation Cost/effort • Reprocessing/reconditioning (depending on purity) • Input flows – Hydrogen – Electricity/steam – Chemicals – Co-products Questions: • Who should bear the burden of reprocessing? • Dealing with co-products • RES electricity • How should other H2 sources be dealt with? 283PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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