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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE EU directives again raises the question of whether the CO2 was biological or non-biolog- ical in origin and what this means in terms of the overall carbon footprint. 4.3 Overview of life cycle inventory methodologies and assessment rules Irrespective of the ‘special’ methodological issues of CO2 accounting re- ferred to above, computing a carbon footprint is based on a set of funda- mental rules. In this section we identify the main reference documents and provide an overview of the basic life cycle inventory methodologies and as- sessment rules, all of which are accepted by experts in the field. The aim is to show the basic elements that constitute generally accepted good practice in the accounting methodologies used to compile carbon footprints. We will also use this opportunity to analyse the documents for any details they offer regarding answers to the questions referred to earlier. 4.3.1 Relevant documents 4.3.1.1 Statutory requirements With the amendments to the EU’s biofuels fuels policy introduced in Coun- cil Directive (EU) 2015/1513, PtL (or PtX) technologies are now included in the new generation of biofuels for transport being promoted. This makes it necessary to calculate the carbon emission savings that can be achieved with these transport fuels. Council Directive (EU) 2015/652 presents default values for the ‘life cycle greenhouse gas intensity’ of individual fuel produc- tion pathways but does not offer any specific calculation methods. It seems likely that this task will be assigned to the Joint Research Centre (JRC), which has recently issued initial proposals regarding the principles for calculating emissions from these fuels. These will be described in more detailed below in the section on suggestions from academic sources. The default values presented in Council Directive (EU) 2015/652 for ‘Fuels of non-biological origin’ cover the following electrofuel production pathways: • Compressed synthetic methane via the Sabatier reaction using hydrogen from non-biological renewable energy electrolysis. • Compressed hydrogen using electricity from three alternative sources (RES electricity, coal, coal with CCS) The default value for synthetic methane is given as 3.3 g CO2-eq/MJ making 284PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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