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METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE synthetic methane the electrofuel with the lowest greenhouse gas intensity and representing emissions savings of more than 96% relative to petrol or die- sel. If coal is used as the raw material source (for hydrogen), the life cycle GHG intensity rises to 230 g CO2-eq/MJ, which represents the opposite record. The value of the GHG emission intensity specified for the electrofuel ‘syn- thetic methane’ supports the view expressed in Council Directive (EU) 2015/1513 that the use of a synthetic transport fuel of non-biological origin (PtX) is to be considered as emissions-free as that of a biofuel. These statutory provisions therefore effectively dictate that the CO2 emissions avoided at the original source should continue to be assigned to that source. The transposition of these EU Directives into German law is currently un- der preparation. The subject of how to treat ‘electrofuels’ is addressed in the draft discussion document for the 37th Ordinance for the Implementation of the Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchV) dated 19 August 2016. The document essentially implements the requirements set out in the EU directives and, like the directives, contains no concrete specifications on calculation methods. From the list of production pathways included in the EU directives, the Ordinance focuses on the ‘elec- trofuels’ mentioned above. The supplementary guidelines issued by the EU Commission (2015) on cal- culating GHG emissions for biofuels under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) include guidance on quantifying emissions savings in CO2 capture scenarios such as carbon capture and replacement (eccr) and carbon capture and geological storage (eccs). The guidelines clearly state that a bonus for CCR technology is only admissible if it can be demonstrated that the utilisa- tion of the CO2 replaces some other necessary production of this CO2 from fossil sources. 4.3.1.2 Standards The life cycle assessment (LCA) is effectively the established methodology for assessing all of the environmental impacts associated with a product’s life cycle. The underlying principles of the methodology are standardised in ISO 14040/14044. While these standards offer flexibility in many areas when de- signing an LCA, they also include a set of clearly defined rules that are regard- ed as being internationally recognised and accepted. Key specifications are: • Formulating a precisely defined goal and defining the scope of the study to achieve that objective. Put another way: Pose the right question and use an appropriate approach to answer it. Transposition in national law EU guidelines on carbon capture LCA standard ISO 14040/14044 285PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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