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If open-loop recycling is carried out, i.e. if burdens have to assigned between the primary and the secondary life cycle, PlasticsEurope stipulates that the 50:50 rule be adopted as a default.4 4.3.2 Fundamental rules On the basis of what has been presented so far, we can compile the following set of fundamental rules representing good and generally accepted practice in carbon accounting. The greenhouse gases considered in the accounting system should always include the list of GHGs specified in the Kyoto Protocol, but should also in- corporate the most recent recommendations from the IPCC. That means that at present (IPCC 2013) indirect GHGs (NOx etc.), soot and albedo effects should not be taken into account. Impacts should be characterised in a consistent way based on the most re- cent global warming potential (GWP) factors. Exceptions are permissible if specific applications explicitly prescribe the use of other GWP factors, e.g. the Renewable Energy Directive (Council Directive 2009/28/EC) requires the use of GWP factors from IPCC 2001 for transport biofuels. A time horizon of 100 years is used to calculate the GWPs. The life cycle inventories (LCIs) of biogenic and non-biogenic sources should be calculated separately. It must be clear what is being treated as an emission and what is regarded as a removal. Emissions from land-use changes must be incorporated wherever there is a direct link to the production pathway. The functional unit and the system boundary must be precisely defined. If only certain sections of the life cycle are being considered (e.g. cradle to gate), the limits that this places on the conclusions that can be drawn from the study must be communicated. The precise definition of the system boundary automatically produces a sharp delineation between coupled systems. Clear allocation rules must be observed. Both ISO 14044 and ISO/TS 14067 recommend that allocations should be avoided and that system expansion is preferable. However, sys- tem expansion also results in the expansion of the functional unit making it more difficult to derive results pertaining strictly to one specific product. For this reason, allocations are unavoidable in many cases. When addressing questions concerning CO2 utilisation, the primary issue is that of defining 4 ‘In case of open-loop recycling, when assigning burdens to primary and secondary life cycles, the 50:50 rule should be adopted as a default.’ Which greenhouse gases are included? GWP factors Biogenic and non-biogenic sources Functional unit and system boundary System allocation METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE 289PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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